tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23419800136001363912024-03-14T00:32:34.053+05:30Organizing IndiaIndia coasts on a post-feudal-colonial mélange of currents and tides, with the brigandage of opportunistic politics fed by our (the voters’) greed for short-term benefits. The result is grotesque populism and corruption in lieu of the deferred gratification of pleasing cities and countryside with the appurtenances of proper governance: sidewalks and drains, toilets, transport, administration and order.
We must develop solutions with an integrated, problem-solving approach, not just wait.Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.comBlogger216125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-79103256692884577982023-08-03T22:04:00.002+05:302023-08-03T22:04:36.548+05:30Overview - Topics and Articles<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: 13.2px;">Latest Article:</span></p><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4908562351443617326" itemprop="description articleBody" style="height: auto; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 570px;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #800180;"><a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-case-for-staying-with-ethanol-10.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Case For Staying With Ethanol 10</a></span></h3><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><i style="color: #800180; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: medium;">Ethanol blending over 10 per cent may be desirable but a full understanding of its environmental and economic impacts is crucial.</i></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/columnists/shyam-ponappa-57" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; 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--tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #2b00fe;">Shyam Ponappa</span></span></a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Inter; font-size: 12px;"> August 3, 2023</span></p></div><div id="above_feature_image_banner-0" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="advertisement-bg" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f7f8fc; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; justify-content: space-around; margin: 0px 0px 15px; min-height: 60px; padding: 20px 10px 10px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 826px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><b style="color: #351c75; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1N-CLQAwxBCJlZdhz-O8MQS210nAWh2gMJorq_H6C9AU/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Click here or on the chart below to expand - Topics and Articles with hypertext links</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1N-CLQAwxBCJlZdhz-O8MQS210nAWh2gMJorq_H6C9AU/edit?usp=sharing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #2288bb; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="1861" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7gEwPJsVTDUy-lSrHC0nH_EOXVHeTCie3VaIToyi-9qXH4Kf75QGsx-Upr-2HHflFnYcBErYUsgRoXbgzh9f89-MZWqr1UZ0RkOTQswNdY63TfIkmWCrT9qfZilcvkAIaRicMggXRCG8y/w320-h76/Blog+Structure.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;"><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="color: #674ea7;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shyam_Ponappa" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">Shyam Ponappa on ResearchGate</a></span><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 34.4pt;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><b style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><u><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #3333ff;">Comprehensive, Integrated Strategy</span></u></b></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><b style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><u><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #3333ff;"> & Execution</span></u></b></span></i></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #674ea7; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-weight: bold; height: auto; line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="color: #222222;"><i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #548dd4;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: 20pt;">India has been co</span></span></i><i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #548dd4;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: 20pt;">asting along on a post-feudal-colonial mélange of currents and tides,</span></span></i><i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #548dd4;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: 20pt;"> with the brigandage of opportunistic politics fed by our (the voters’) greed for short-term benefits. The result is grotesque populism and corruption, in lieu of the deferred gratification of pleasing cities and countryside with the appurtenances of proper governance: sidewalks and drains, toilets, transport, administration and order, hospitals and schools.</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="color: #222222;"><i style="line-height: 20pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #548dd4;"><br /></span></span></i></div><i style="line-height: 20pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #3d85c6;">We have to organize and manage ourselves, “engineer” our way ahead, taking steps to build and develop our solutions, building systems and processes, and not just wait for things to happen. We need a comprehensive and integrated, systemic, silo-busting, problem-solving approach.<br /><br />This applies across the board in the broadest “spatial planning” sense that integrates housing and land use at all levels with commercial, industrial, cultural, scientific and educational activity, transportation, and all governance and infrastructure: water, sewerage, energy, communications, basic health and education. Infrastructure being the first level of enablement is</span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #3d85c6;"> </span><b style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline;"><i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: red;">the</span></i></b><i style="color: #3d85c6;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"> </span></i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><u>essential starting point.</u></span></span></span></i><br /><div style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline;"><i style="line-height: 20pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br />Previously, India’s leaders acknowledged that infrastructure is India’s great need. Yet, they took no steps [exception: NTP-2011 in October, 2011] to marshal forces to draw up a credible strategy and execution plan. This is what needed and needs doing. Only good intentions and/or money won’t do, because delivery systems and processes have to be developed, i.e., planned, and built from scratch.</span></span></i></div><div style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline;"><i style="line-height: 20pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i></div><div style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline;"><i style="line-height: 20pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">It looks like the NDA II will seriously address the development of enabling infrastructure. A beginning on a long way ahead. </span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">The next few months will demonstrate the resolve of the NDA II </span></span></i><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">to really break the mould and get the job done.</span></span></i></b></div></div><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="clear: both; height: auto; text-align: center; width: 570px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6646475512960471" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; display: block; height: 0px; margin: auto;"><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_3_host" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; 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border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 570px;" vspace="0" width="570"></iframe></div></ins></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #674ea7; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14.784px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">- July 2014</span></span></i></b></div><div style="color: #674ea7; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14.784px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i></b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">And it got worse for Digital India with another spectrum auction [</span></span></i></b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">March 2015]</span></span></i></b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"> and the attendant deprivation of network rollout and service delivery. </span></span></i></b></div><div style="line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="line-height: 14.784px;"><div style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14.784px;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">...And worse: another auction with Rs. 109,000 crore (~$17.6 billion). - </span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">April 2015</span></span></i></b></div><div style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i></b></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">... And yet worse, as another auction reduced investment by over Rs. 65,000 crore (~$10 billion). </span></span></i></b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">- October 2016</span></span></i></b></div><div style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i></b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">... And annual auctions threatened from 2017! - March 2017</span></span></i></b></div><div style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span></span></i></b></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">Lack of integrated systems and controls led to the worst bank fraud in India - PNB $2 billion - February 2018 And IL&FS - September 2018</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">The National Digital Communications Policy 2018 is only an aspirational statement - October 4, 2018</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">Big bang for Wi-Fi! 5 GHz regulations similar to the US FCC. - October 2018</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #351c75;">As the sector stalls, government talks 5G spectrum auction, wanting more cash while the industry drowns in debt. - January 2021 </span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></div><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana;">The Supreme Court reverses previous rulings in favour of telecom operators on retroactive charges for spectrum based on an all-inclusive definition of Adjusted Gross Revenues continues...</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="clear: both; height: auto; text-align: center; width: 570px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6646475512960471" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; display: block; height: 0px; margin: auto;"><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_4_host" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 570px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><iframe allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!5" data-google-query-id="CJrG2Y-ol_0CFUOZjwod7HIE_A" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="0" hspace="0" id="aswift_4" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" mytubeid="mytube10" name="aswift_4" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-6646475512960471&output=html&h=280&adk=4114824835&adf=255806327&pi=t.aa~a.2375703481~i.2~rp.4&w=570&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1676456737&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=8357036891&ad_type=text_image&format=570x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Forganizing-india.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F11%2Foverview-topics-and-articles.html&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=143&rw=570&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiMTA5LjAuNTQxNC4xMjEiLFtdLGZhbHNlLG51bGwsIjY0IixbWyJOb3RfQSBCcmFuZCIsIjk5LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJHb29nbGUgQ2hyb21lIiwiMTA5LjAuNTQxNC4xMjEiXSxbIkNocm9taXVtIiwiMTA5LjAuNTQxNC4xMjEiXV0sZmFsc2Vd&dt=1676456764580&bpp=3&bdt=3025&idt=3&shv=r20230213&mjsv=m202302090101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&prev_fmts=0x0%2C940x280%2C570x280%2C280x240&prev_slotnames=6650124805&nras=5&correlator=2098566136736&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=1243053307.1676456762&ga_sid=1676456762&ga_hid=751244775&ga_fc=0&u_tz=330&u_his=1&u_h=692&u_w=1229&u_ah=692&u_aw=1229&u_cd=24&u_sd=1.563&dmc=8&adx=166&ady=2390&biw=1213&bih=619&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759842%2C44759875%2C44759926%2C31072383%2C31072427&oid=2&psts=AD37Y7s7GjxO2Wvz374ow0RQrgu5JNtKP-s8S4tXIbLyC0NPl20A3vA9gPtVxr3SGKQN9LtADVDSWwkO1LeKfppK&pvsid=4021489681448465&tmod=1025894158&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogger.com%2F&fc=1408&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1229%2C0%2C1229%2C692%2C1229%2C619&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=5&uci=a!5&btvi=4&fsb=1&xpc=frKlfX2fa9&p=https%3A//organizing-india.blogspot.com&dtd=363" style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 570px;" vspace="0" width="570"></iframe></div></ins></div><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Another ill-advised auction - March 2021. And another monumental failure, neither serving the government's cash needs (too much left on the table), nor the consumers (too much spectrum left untouched).</span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">A reversal (FINALLY!) of the retroactive tax amendment affecting Vodafone, Cairn, and others - August 5, 2021.</span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Spectrum Usage Charge zeroed; past due demands being reconsidered? - October 7, 2021</span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">5G Spectrum Auction July 2022 nets Rs. 1.5 lakh crore (about $19 billion), making that amount of capital unavailable for investment in networks. Allocation of an even larger amount to reviving BSNL and MTNL increases uncertainty of outcomes.</span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><br /></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400;"><br /></p></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-91459106551149348702023-08-03T20:48:00.000+05:302023-08-03T20:48:51.339+05:30The Case For Staying With Ethanol 10<h2 class="strydsc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Merriweather; font-weight: 400; height: 120px; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKb6KWlxEE-64otyFt7ieIvYPhveZUDD0zxqp7E6WCTc582FJ5_a3UZNa5A88gqjG6F6ykRzrffM9gpRM9ibxJys8DEpVs86imW1M13-OJEYQw3WDuAdND4HKvqiJ139LMxiGn37c0fmPw22komw5wHyB05Y-nlbDl5n8FskCLr319wd2PmA9Myuw4CzcE/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKb6KWlxEE-64otyFt7ieIvYPhveZUDD0zxqp7E6WCTc582FJ5_a3UZNa5A88gqjG6F6ykRzrffM9gpRM9ibxJys8DEpVs86imW1M13-OJEYQw3WDuAdND4HKvqiJ139LMxiGn37c0fmPw22komw5wHyB05Y-nlbDl5n8FskCLr319wd2PmA9Myuw4CzcE/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div></h2><h2 class="strydsc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Merriweather; font-weight: 400; height: 120px; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;"><i style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #800180;">Ethanol blending over 10 per cent may be desirable but a full understanding of its environmental and economic impacts is crucial.</span></i></h2><p><span class="font-inter dtlauthinfo " style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: Inter; font-size: 16px; height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/columnists/shyam-ponappa-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-right: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 158); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="font-bold" style="border-right: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Shyam Ponappa</span></span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0px;">Aug 03 2023 </span></span></p><div class="autdtl" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="meta-post story-meta jjjj" style="align-items: flex-start; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; 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background: rgb(74, 140, 245); border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: 10px; height: 28px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 28px;"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewbox="0 0 14 14" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M7.01136 4.00862L8.97086 2.00943C9.72706 1.2382 11.0989 1.3868 11.8548 2.15831C12.6107 2.92983 12.7566 4.32914 12.0007 5.10066L9.09817 8.062C8.34197 8.83323 6.97043 8.68462 6.21423 7.91311" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="white"></path><path d="M6.98859 9.99108L5.02908 11.9906C4.27289 12.7618 2.90107 12.6132 2.14515 11.8417C1.38924 11.0702 1.24331 9.67084 1.99922 8.89933L4.90178 5.93798C5.65798 5.16676 7.02952 5.31536 7.78571 6.08687" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="white"></path></svg></a><div class="flwggle" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLC13Qowpt3RAQ?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN:en" style="background-attachment: initial; 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background-origin: initial; background-position: 87% 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 20px; border-radius: 20px; border: 1px solid rgb(74, 138, 244); box-sizing: border-box; color: #4a8af4; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 2px 15px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 99px;" target="_blank">Follow Us</a></div><i class="sharicn" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='17.5' cy='4.5' r='2.5' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='5.5' cy='11.5' r='2.5' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5'/%3E%3Cpath d='M15 6L8 10' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'/%3E%3Cpath d='M7.5 13.5L15 18' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='17.5' cy='19.5' r='2.5' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: flex; height: 18px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 18px;"></i><i class="bookicn false" data-articleid="123080200959" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M5 7C5 4.79086 6.79086 3 9 3H15C17.2091 3 19 4.79086 19 7V20.1683C19 20.9595 18.1248 21.4373 17.4592 21.0095L13.0815 18.1953C12.4227 17.7717 11.5773 17.7717 10.9185 18.1953L6.54076 21.0095C5.87525 21.4373 5 20.9595 5 20.1683V7Z' stroke='%23282B32' strokeWidth='1.5'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: flex; height: 18px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 18px;"></i></div></div></div><div class="storycontent" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(40, 43, 50) !important; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">India’s biofuel initiatives have been successful in getting us to a 10 per cent ethanol blend with petrol (E10). At this level, petrol engines sold in India since 2008 are not harmed, although older engines need modifications or no ethanol. Also, molasses as feedstock for ethanol from sugar factories have been adequate, supplemented by grain in good years, while the effluents are manageable, and there is less risk of “phase separation”, where a water-ethanol mix separates from the fuel. However, increasing ethanol to 20 per cent (E20) by the target date of 2025 is likely to be too disruptive. </div><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: red;">Food Stocks For Ethanol Production</span></span></div><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(40, 43, 50) !important; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">To begin with, food stocks needed to produce ethanol are lower than expected. In keeping with the planned Food Corporation of India (FCI) rice supply for ethanol, stocks were provided at Rs 2,000 per quintal to ethanol producers, but states could not buy FCI rice in June, even at Rs 3,400 per quintal. This is unsustainable and contrary to FCI’s purpose of providing foodgrains at stable prices. Press reports indicate FCI stopped rice supplies for ethanol in the third week of July, although the official position was unclear.1 By then, ethanol production from rice had already reached the target for the year, although producers reportedly expect to manufacture 970 million litres more, from 2.2 million tonnes of FCI rice.</div><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(40, 43, 50) !important; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">The initial plan was that surplus rice from FCI would enable an increase in ethanol production from 2023 to 2025. Instead, erratic weather has led to uncertain crop yields. India, which accounts for 40 per cent of the international rice trade, has banned non-basmati rice exports, roiling global markets. Also, continuing disruption of grain supplies from Ukraine has resulted in shortages and rising global cereal prices. Suppliers from Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia are also holding back.</div><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(40, 43, 50) !important; float: none !important; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">The planned increase in FCI rice provision for ethanol is shown in the table (from Table 7.3 in NITI Aayog’s plan, converted at 450 litres of ethanol yield per million tonnes of rice). This is unsustainable, and warrants urgent review of planned rice supply and blend levels to set realistic goals.</div></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">If sustainable cellulosic ethanol production becomes a reality, avoiding the diversion of food crops, larger ethanol targets deserve consideration. Meanwhile, production at scale from non-food and non-sugarcane cellulosic feedstock has proved to be elusive for decades. It remains to be seen if commercial scale plants now operating in Italy and India, and being set up in America, can change that. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">As long as we are dependent on sugarcane and foodgrains for ethanol, there are compelling reasons to reduce targets. More land will need to be cultivated, requiring much more water, and extensive developments in logistics, like special materials for pipelines and tanks will be needed to deploy and use corrosive E20. The large stock of petrol vehicles will require engine modifications. To put it in perspective, the United States, which produces the most ethanol in the world (15,400 billion gallons) mostly uses E10, and has only about 3,300 E20 filling stations out of 145,000 countrywide (about 2 per cent).</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: red;">Challenges</span></span></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"> * The government’s plan recognises feedstock availability as the first challenge for ethanol blended fuel. However, while the plan mentions the desirability of second generation feedstock from non-food sources such as cellulose, the period was shortened by five years, to 2025. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">* The second challenge mentioned was building extensive infrastructure to deal with logistics: Storage, transportation, and distribution of ethanol from the three states that produce it, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, to the rest of the country. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"> * The third challenge is modifying existing petrol engines to use E20. The estimated petrol vehicles stock in India is 212.7 million as of March 31, 2023, of which two-wheelers comprised 176.2 million, three-wheelers 21.8 million, and four-wheelers 14.7 million. The modifications mean significant costs, and would need many skilled technicians. It will probably take years, creating considerable disruption in the economy. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"> * Although not mentioned, higher ethanol production means more effluents that need mitigation. Vinasse is an organic waste of which 12 to 20 units are produced for each unit of ethanol from sugarcane. Grain produces half as much. Its treatment before disposal or use continues to be a complex struggle.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Pros & Cons</span></span></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">The gains, according to some experts, are offset by the costs, such as low net benefits from reduction in greenhouse gases, the potential of damage to the environment, and costs to consumers. Some scholars point out that greenhouse gases will be reduced only by 5 per cent by 2025 if targets are achieved, while emissions, such as aldehydes and ozone, will increase. Others suggest that land used for solar powered batteries would be much more efficient than growing crops for conversion to ethanol.2 A more technically sound assessment is needed.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">While there is considerable momentum for corn-based ethanol in the US, and sugarcane-based ethanol in Brazil, these examples do not lend themselves to generalisation as universal solutions, because of the specific factors that enable their feasibility in their specific circumstances. <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><img align="left" alt="Screenshot" class="imgCont" height="411" src="https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2023-08/02/full/1691000677-0903.jpg" style="border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; filter: url("data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"> <filter id=\"sharpen\"> <feConvolveMatrix order=\"3\" preserveAlpha=\"true\" kernelMatrix=\"1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1\"/> </filter> </svg>#sharpen"); float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; z-index: 0;" title="Screenshot" width="431" /></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />There have been a number of compelling reasons put forward over the course of the last few years for targeting ethanol blending at 10 per cent and no more, and despite the attention, no OECD country uses E20 widely. The burden for less prosperous countries would be unimaginable, besides being impractical. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">The issue is whether on </div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><a name="OLE_LINK117"></a>Source: <a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-06/EthanolBlendingInIndia_compressed.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-06/EthanolBlendingInIndia_compressed.pdf</span></a></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">balance, the purpose of environmental and economic benefits is served. From this perspective, ethanol blending over 10 per cent may be unjustifiable, because the environmental and economic impacts are mixed, including costs to consumers. Policymakers need to review the facts vis-à-vis assumptions and projections, to redefine objectives if required. </div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Shyam Ponappa at gmail dot com</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"> 1: <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/rice-for-ethanol-stopped-say-industry-players-could-impact-blending-plans-123072400751_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/rice-for-ethanol-stopped-say-industry-players-could-impact-blending-plans-123072400751_1.html</a> </div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"> 2: <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-india-s-2025-ethanol-blending-target-may-not-be-a-good-idea-122051100158_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-india-s-2025-ethanol-blending-target-may-not-be-a-good-idea-122051100158_1.html</a></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-23039765443532400662023-07-06T22:24:00.000+05:302023-07-06T22:24:27.311+05:30Leveraging Our Economic Momentum<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7KZ-pzl4fSUHXeEvv8zOval4UZT7uNViTq3a5T5QYXERepdyQ8e8CUHpMvaATK2pUZWhvJ44morJabuK5La6yHuW_GOEgMc2GkvOIFJLzFcM3FOfDHu8A7Q3u4VBxrkb5iDN6A3eoAFgx2B8k7UL670q1RsHhenJqPp7gdbfPHuiqbXJYjXgr-K9eVOR/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7KZ-pzl4fSUHXeEvv8zOval4UZT7uNViTq3a5T5QYXERepdyQ8e8CUHpMvaATK2pUZWhvJ44morJabuK5La6yHuW_GOEgMc2GkvOIFJLzFcM3FOfDHu8A7Q3u4VBxrkb5iDN6A3eoAFgx2B8k7UL670q1RsHhenJqPp7gdbfPHuiqbXJYjXgr-K9eVOR/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /><p><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">With opportunities growing, addressing deficiencies becomes crucial.</span></i></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/columnists/shyam-ponappa-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-right: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 158); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; display: inline-block; font-family: Inter; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="font-bold" style="border-right: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a> <span style="font-family: Calibri;">July 6, 2023</span></p><p><br /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">While circumstances are not optimal, we have the momentum of a complex economy that grows despite our limitations and restrictions in ourselves, our facilities and processes, and our leaders. Try visualising what needs to be done to get many Indians to reasonable living standards, and you may well see a long, steep road.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">However, with reasonable growth and immense opportunities like fab plants, drones, jet engines, there are possibilities. This is not to downplay the negatives, especially for the many facing deprivation, lack of opportunity, and limited access to necessities, including learning, skilling, and productive work. Obviously, much more needs to be done. This piece considers how to get there, and what is required for contributors to function more effectively, while building capacity for many more.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Our strength is a great upwelling of our combined efforts in economic growth despite all our constraints. This momentum itself creates possibilities for additional growth, provided we can enable more people intensively as well as more inclusively. This must occur at many levels, because of the layers of people and enterprises in terms of skills, activities, and organisation. While our broad service requirements are similar— energy, water, sanitation, communication, transport, healthcare, learning and skilling — there are varying needs that reach high levels for more sophisticated activities, such as intensive care units or operating theatres and their staff in hospitals, high-end manufacturing in machinery or electronics, logistics, or research.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">We have the momentum, so what do we lack? Take a seemingly trivial example in manufacturing: Ill-fitting electrical plugs and sockets.<b><sup><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup></b> Anecdotally, our electrical plugs are notoriously ill-fitting in sockets meant for them. The poor fit makes for difficult handling, and can lead to fire hazards from loose connections. Similar deficiencies across the board require a steep improvement in various areas, such as education and skilling, process discipline, and adherence to standards for quality and time. We may pride ourselves on our ability to cut corners or improvise with jugaad, but good products require minimal if not zero tolerance in manufacturing, whether it is plugs or jet engines.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Such steep improvement needs leadership with a driving vision for an organised and purposeful approach, with considerably higher funding for more rapid improvement in education and training, for large numbers to be employable, better disciplined, and able to perform to standards and quality at all levels, in all areas. This needs vast expansion of countrywide access to education and learning aids, with structured content promoting quality performance in many areas, to deliver quality products/services on time at a different plane of functional efficiency. It is not just at high professional levels that we need discipline and a desire for mastery and excellence. Very simply, things have to work, be done right, and on time, and this needs to be instilled from an early stage and continued throughout. Our policymakers have to venture far beyond “managing country assets” to creating pathways enabling employment and growth, with the criteria being sustainable benefits to people, not necessarily the biggest or best.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">This transformation is feasible at scale only with reliable broadband available to people everywhere, combined with appropriate curricula, content (much of it yet to be developed), and a dedicated core of teaching faculty that can be leveraged by many others in different fields. Highly skilled people can be leveraged by providing online access to others to be able to learn from them. Similar developments are required for production and maintenance in manufacturing and services, agriculture and so on.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">For the requisite communications, the issue is not so much the raising of funds by companies, but rather the government reversing its approach to restructure the charges payable by telcos, ensuring their funds are available for investment to start with. The objectives should be higher investment in networks, education, and training through funding from whatever sources. It means our administrators must get past self-erected barriers, for instance, to formulate laws and regulations proactively to enable access to spectrum resources on terms that favour development and capacity-building across the country, instead of wasting spectrum by not using it, and strangulating access to usable spectrum through exorbitant charges. How can it make sense for India to have the most expensive spectrum in the world?</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Such steps are essential to realise our potential, combining our momentum with the opportunities coming our way such as the India-US partnership. We will need rapid improvements in logistics, especially rail and road infrastructure, and much greater emphasis and resources on improving manufacturing and research & development capabilities to achieve expectations.<b><sup><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></sup></b></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Our tendency to count contracts awarded as achievements has to be replaced with roads that are built and maintained to last better, delivering higher average speeds,<b><sup><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span></sup></b> and railways that provide safe, high-speed passenger and freight services.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">All this needs much more funding. Take the example of Indian Railways. Its high budgetary support does not meet the backlog of asset replacement and upgradation needs of track, signalling, and safety. While skilled manpower is another constraint, we require far more than what is planned (for details see, “Shortage of funds for essential provisions”<b><sup><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4</span></sup></b>). Without massive transformation through track renewal and upgradation, the Vande Bharat train sets will be just showboating, and could even be a drag, because they are not integrated with the rest. </div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">The government needs to explore creative funding strategies, such as private placements with select sovereign funds and others who invest in India, offering attractive debt returns, with an upside element in later years. These sources could be funds from Singapore, Norway, and Abu Dhabi, and pension funds from Canada, the US, Australia, and the Netherlands. While weak enterprises seeking risk finance typically offer “equity kickers”, India is a strong economy with proven credentials that can handle long-term financing commitments.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">In each case, with executive decisions and longer-term changes in social expectations and institutions, we have to pull out all the stops.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></i></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">1: Department of Consumer Affairs – Plugs and Sockets (South India) 2012-13 </div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;"><a href="https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/sites/default/files/file-uploads/comparative-test-by-consumers-association-of-india/ElectricalPlug.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/sites/default/files/file-uploads/comparative-test-by-consumers-association-of-india/ElectricalPlug.pdf</a></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">Others such as The Bureau of Indian Standards Report No. IS 1353-2017 could not be traced.</div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">2: <a href="https://thewire.in/tech/indias-weak-r-and-d-culture-behind-asymmetric-indo-us-deal" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://thewire.in/tech/indias-weak-r-and-d-culture-behind-asymmetric-indo-us-deal</a></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">3: See section on roads - <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2023/05/aiming-for-high-road.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2023/05/aiming-for-high-road.html</a></div><p><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none !important; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px !important; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto !important;">4: <a href="https://prsindia.org/budgets/parliament/demand-for-grants-2023-24-analysis-railways" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prsindia.org/budgets/parliament/demand-for-grants-2023-24-analysis-railways </a></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-73890272210045901122023-06-02T07:59:00.002+05:302023-06-02T08:06:56.997+05:30The Train 18 / Vande Bharat Model<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEilUl63CleWdTu2KmELweVcmlVpeU15j-hDElzT_D91hr0SG3ARwU60IWzfDnBkOCqKSyqLA-1VtWlmnP_XYuq-5rgFCG1N74rd_tmhPW4wdnzRoVV3Tgcehg_AOEj7VNFTJqsuA_3Pa-ZcV_Kz1JA1OxKcXJ5e14WxHmSZFF7SclSHxOK5_y5htsCFcA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="112" data-original-width="134" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEilUl63CleWdTu2KmELweVcmlVpeU15j-hDElzT_D91hr0SG3ARwU60IWzfDnBkOCqKSyqLA-1VtWlmnP_XYuq-5rgFCG1N74rd_tmhPW4wdnzRoVV3Tgcehg_AOEj7VNFTJqsuA_3Pa-ZcV_Kz1JA1OxKcXJ5e14WxHmSZFF7SclSHxOK5_y5htsCFcA=w101-h85" width="101" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 class="strydsc" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Merriweather; font-weight: 400; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-size: medium;"><i>Add good passenger handling, and this is the model for replication.</i></span></h2><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/columnists/shyam-ponappa-57" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-right: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 158); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: Inter; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="font-bold" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-right: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Shyam Ponappa</span></span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Inter; font-size: 12px;"> June 1 2023</span></p><p><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Inter; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">Vande Bharat trains get deservedly good coverage nowadays. They provide the model for goal-oriented team achievement that is possible in infrastructure. This process requires extension to aspects of user experience to complete the end-to-end system. It needs the complement of passenger handling for total service delivery, comparable to orderly boarding and disembarkation for airlines, or the system for voting booths.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">A former member of the Railway Board describes the project as conceived, planned and executed in record time by a team of inspired, talented, and committed Railway professionals of the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai.</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup></b><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> Apart from the sanction by the then chairman of the Railway Board, A K Mittal, of two train sets budgeted at Rs 100 crore each, there was apparently little official support. These were completed on time, within budget.</span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">Yet, just four years ago, after successful trials, the project was stalled by vigilance investigations that proved to be unwarranted against the leaders of the pioneering team of the “Train 18” project, later renamed “Vande Bharat”. The investigations found nothing, but the collateral damage was devastating for exceptional performers despite their being cleared of false charges.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">Why “Train 18”? Because its champion, ICF General Manager Sudhanshu Mani, had 18 months left in service. His dream was to catch up on decades of established global practice at the ICF before retiring. The aim was to change the design of separate locomotives and coaches to a modern, single-unit train set capable of 180 km an hour without locomotives, with all power and service provision built into the undercarriage under the floor (for details see his book My Train 18 Story).</span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">The ICF team rose to the challenge with good leadership, consultants, and vendor-partners, achieving what takes twice as long globally at half the cost. Successful trials at 180 km an hour of a train set with 80 per cent local manufacturing caught the Prime Minister’s attention, and two train sets began operation in 2019. The programme stopped abruptly because of vigilance action against the top team.</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></sup></b><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">The charges proved to be unfounded, and, after nearly three years, it seems as though the PM’s interest resulted in restarting the programme. Now, 18 train sets are operating as of May 25, 2023, with hundreds more planned. The performance of the trains occasionally elicits back-handed comments, such as being relatively slow (average speeds are more than 80 km/hour), that energy consumption is high, or that this would be nothing special in Germany, Japan, or China (the Financial Times)</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span></sup></b><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">, which is actually a compliment. The Vande Bharat is reportedly more energy-efficient than trains abroad, with average speeds on 14 routes published on April 20 ranging from 66 km an hour to 96 km an hour, with the median around 80 km an hour. By comparison, speeds on intercity routes under 300 km an hour in Europe in 2016 were as in the chart, with the median also at about 80 km an hour.</span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghiqAe-jfUO4vtpPAYrfQ34ZSE09032qtHNzcEz_MLfkP-yp13DSHe3Kja7Bjl6Ah2zq9nPoqsdTUdkAV30frqXSjdY3M2Y05D7W-4TDB84wZje6J0VIwsexMl0xtoD1ayyrcz0EeiVWLYdgKsVU6mQfCFbfMCnHNP80JlhNlrgxMB_2Ousqv79xigdQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="620" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghiqAe-jfUO4vtpPAYrfQ34ZSE09032qtHNzcEz_MLfkP-yp13DSHe3Kja7Bjl6Ah2zq9nPoqsdTUdkAV30frqXSjdY3M2Y05D7W-4TDB84wZje6J0VIwsexMl0xtoD1ayyrcz0EeiVWLYdgKsVU6mQfCFbfMCnHNP80JlhNlrgxMB_2Ousqv79xigdQ=w484-h225" width="484" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">Reading Mr Mani’s book or watching his TEDx talk</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4</span></sup></b><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> gives a sense of the degree of professionalism and teamwork that went into these outcomes. This is the achievement in terms of “hardware”. What of the passengers for whom it was made?</span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">The design and manufacture of Train 18/Vande Bharat is exemplary for systems thinking and design, starting with the objective of a 180 km-an-hour train set with certain safety, quality, and comfort norms. The present emphasis on ramping up is promising. Yet more needs doing as always: Upgrading tracks to enable 200 km an hour at least, equipped with modern signalling, train sets with sleepers for longer distances, and barriers to prevent access to tracks. The scope and scale are monumental, and even more is needed beyond Vande Bharat for upgrading local passenger and intercity trains with better facilities.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">Passengers who use these services do not have the benefit of an equivalent systems approach in their handling. The Railways have to take this step of setting the objective of convenience for passengers arriving at the station, embarking on these (or any other) trains, disembarking, and leaving the platform, to upgrade the customer experience hugely.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">The process of embarking/disembarking on Vande Bharat trains is not organised. As the train is at the platform for a limited time, anxious passengers and porters rush to exit or enter helter-skelter. There appears to be no attempt to establish or maintain order. As for manufacturing, there need to be systems for passenger handling. Passengers arriving to embark on the train need a process, such as no well-wishers crowding the train, and queues instituted according to their coach number and seating order, half at the head end and half at the tail end of where each coach is expected to stop. Disembarkation needs to be managed first at both ends of carriages, with a clear passage to exit platforms. Embarkation needs to be arranged for each coach, such as having passengers from Seat No. 1 to the halfway number at the nearest doorway, and the other half at the farther doorway. With such procedures, passengers would have a much better experience with end-to-end services.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">A systems approach in addressing train services for passengers is a paradigm worth applying with appropriate changes to other infrastructure and government services. The driving criterion needs to be clearly defined user-centric service experience, as against simply building more rail, or roads, or fibre networks. Processes need to be goal-oriented and require an end-to-end design of the hard and soft systems aspects as well their elements, followed by execution to standards, on firm timelines.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;">This template of goal-directed collaborative achievement deserves extension and replication in infrastructure and governance, using the talent and experience of such exemplars in providing leadership and guidance. There is then no need for overstatement, since the results will speak for themselves, as in the case of Train 18.</span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px;"> </span><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><hr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><p><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com<br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><i>1. “Not by ‘Vande Bharat’ alone”.</i><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/not-by-vande-bharat-alone/article66786278.ece" rel="nofollow" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/not-by-vande-bharat-alone/article66786278.ece</a></span></p><p><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>2. “Controversies, vigilance probe bring Vande Bharat Express to a standstill” </i></span></p><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/vande-bharat-express-yet-to-leave-station-as-controversies-hit-project-119091601507_1.html" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/vande-bharat-express-yet-to-leave-station-as-controversies-hit-project-119091601507_1.html</a></p><p><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>3. “India’s new railways project picks up speed.”</i><br style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/77b1db06-4f%208c-4866-8f4a-4f489dce44cd" rel="nofollow" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/77b1db06-4f 8c-4866-8f4a-4f489dce44cd</a><i> </i></span></p><p><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>4. </i><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/%C2%ADsudhanshu_mani_the_j%20ourney_of_train_18" rel="nofollow" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / .5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b73e8; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ted.com/talks/%C2%ADsudhanshu_mani_the_j%20ourney_of_train_18</a></span></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-1464129324431554152023-05-05T07:49:00.014+05:302023-06-01T09:18:52.760+05:30Aiming For The High Road<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmagaK_aosFisDX6m3g1UUQcNGtmJmv0AniYzbVI2hqKly4mHTOJM72I-H0XfudMupGaqh4no95OKDMqFXkc3HUjpnd2ohxus0CU7KWqCDkBZ9UA7q1Y5GSf8ldYzmfU3ZXcPjEm5YA3zNhwSgjOPmydXN7LhUutAQWpOA0H2SPNMvaqufvPVbZk8oQ/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmagaK_aosFisDX6m3g1UUQcNGtmJmv0AniYzbVI2hqKly4mHTOJM72I-H0XfudMupGaqh4no95OKDMqFXkc3HUjpnd2ohxus0CU7KWqCDkBZ9UA7q1Y5GSf8ldYzmfU3ZXcPjEm5YA3zNhwSgjOPmydXN7LhUutAQWpOA0H2SPNMvaqufvPVbZk8oQ/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><h2 class="strydsc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Merriweather; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: small;"><i>Government's policies can either enable or limit our prosperity.</i></span></h2><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 158); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; display: inline-block; font-family: Inter; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="font-bold" style="border-right: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a> May 4, 2023</p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are very divergent views about India’s economic prospects. Some perceive great promise, while others see big government and unclear strategy.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The upbeat take is that investors who put substantial capital into China in its early growth phase are finding patterns mirrored in India that encourage their investment (An updated perspective on India, <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/opinion/columns/an-updated-perspective-on-india-123041701150_1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Business Standard</em>, April 17, 2023</a>). These investors are looking to limit or reduce new investments in China, and, among emerging markets, India is promising with the capacity to absorb large investments. Factors such as Apple’s exports of $5 billion in its first year support this, as does recent enthusiasm about India’s building logistics and effecting a digital transformation. The expectation is that annual growth will be over 6 per cent, and that gross domestic product/capita may grow from $2,500 to $5,000 in six to seven years.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A more downbeat view is that India has lost opportunities and made misplaced choices with growth coming from government spending and seat-of-the-pants strategies (<a href="https://www.business-standard.com/opinion/columns/rolling-the-dice-on-growth-123040900843_1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rolling the dice on growth, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Business Standard</em>, May 3, 2023</a>). This has led to a constrained, uncompetitive private sector hobbled by disabling regulations, inadequate and unreliable infrastructure (notwithstanding high investment, on which more later), limited capital access, tariff barriers, an inappropriate and ineffective educational approach for employability and improving skills, and impoverishment through electoral handouts to much of the population. Instead of structural changes to provide lower cost infrastructure and efficient governance, the government chose corporate tax cuts to spur growth.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The fact is that while India is still in a sweet spot because of its economic resilience, momentum, favourable demographics (although largely unutilised), and improving productivity <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(1)</span>, growth in this decade is likely to average under 6 per cent annually. (See chart).</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><p style="color: black;"><span style="color: #282b32;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India will continue to outpace global average growth rates of real GDP and real per capita GDP from 2023 to 2030<br /></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> (% change y/y)</span></span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIp-TLm8xe7TGmBbsCXDBggNez8IGTKT8ytLvNBY9ImwKcMoYqW81kRnv11fzSz8j0mh0KJz6-9d82MEotzDeLPMHR1qdGCXkNnyjfKDStht1SukD_wglvM3BwKWI41CJrFL5K-apuTP9MS1I1a1cP3uQSVvjBHOfS0uds_QEXlZJ8KpVF01m5NcFZDQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjner-MrsqYtiJDmqlPdRHyspmbD-WEz1cKSpQbIqw54FQqHV-T_bJ9lpN_PvduFJc0S0P4ix-NbPSJKuOb720nbcMiYODMCXRCBQubmCYDHddcRYJ8IyzglUb2iLiE3neF8Z88mTscbssxxo929VoD5Cbf3U1rxDwOlsFKFwlKVhc-9yf4VjN6WBjjcg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="908" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjner-MrsqYtiJDmqlPdRHyspmbD-WEz1cKSpQbIqw54FQqHV-T_bJ9lpN_PvduFJc0S0P4ix-NbPSJKuOb720nbcMiYODMCXRCBQubmCYDHddcRYJ8IyzglUb2iLiE3neF8Z88mTscbssxxo929VoD5Cbf3U1rxDwOlsFKFwlKVhc-9yf4VjN6WBjjcg=w400-h119" width="400" /></a></div><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div></div></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: verdana;">Some data support this view, such as skewed consumer demand and delayed projects. Consumer demand is stronger at the high end, but weak at the lower end. Infrastructure project delays in March 2023 were reportedly the highest since 2004. These include nearly 57 per cent of projects over Rs 150 crore, resulting in cost escalation of over 20 per cent, amounting to half this year’s capital expenditure budget. </span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Presumably this problem is reflected in the Gati Shakti National Master Plan. When public access is permitted, it will be interesting to know about the project management and coordination processes for timely execution, given its roots in a Project Management Institute report.</span></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: verdana;">Higher growth of 8 per cent or above requires more structural change. These begin with policies that (a) provide reliable infrastructure that is affordable, (b) improve capital access, and (c) eliminate “tax terrorism”. Facilitating productivity through infrastructure everywhere would enable more people, including more women and young people, to participate and contribute. </span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The next level of productivity improvement requires much deeper change. These extend to assuring a sense of security with law and order, access to meaningful education and skill building, deep changes away from “extensive” agriculture to an intensive, informed approach that is productive and sustainable. A critical prerequisite is cohesive, unifying leadership that inspires cooperation and inclusion. Regarding better infrastructure, the following observations indicate possible ways to improve: <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Road Construction</span>:</span><span style="color: #282b32;"> New roads are being built at a furious pace. However, two problems hamper our logistics despite the enormous sums spent. One is project delays. The other, more serious issue is the rapid deterioration of roads. While heavy rains do aggravate the problem, the underlying reasons are the quality of construction and lack of timely maintenance, made worse by undue emphasis on the value of contracts and quick implementation. Countries with equally severe weather variations build and maintain better roads. An expert with experience in America and India asserts that the reason is not enforcing requisite standards, quoting John F Kennedy that it is the roads that built America’s wealth. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(2) </span><span style="color: #282b32;">This need for adherence to standards extends to many areas, and would transform our quality and competitiveness. It does not, however, lend itself to big targets and bragging rights for electoral purposes.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32;"> </span></span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Communications – 4G, 5G and Beyond:</span></span><span style="color: #282b32;"> If there were fast, reliable 4G-level connectivity countrywide, and if most people got access to these services, there would likely be a productivity revolution. It would take much more than just connectivity: Development of content, technology choices and organisation are required to increase beneficial use exponentially. For example, content is needed for agricultural transformation to intensive cultivation, workplace skills and manuals, or K-12 education.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32;"> </span></span></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For the middle-mile and second-last mile, until the current blitz for BSNL 4G wireless, our policies emphasised fibre. Widespread fibre-to-the-home is unrealistic in India because of the cost. The way out is high-speed wireless for middle-mile and second-last mile (backhaul), and for last-mile (Wi-Fi and cellular). We need enabling policies for these.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Another technology issue is 4G and 5G. South Korea, leading in 5G, is the exemplar of the “5G fallacy” of getting five-fold speeds after $20 billion in network upgrades, instead of the desired 20 times speeds. South Korea has nine cities of more than a million people, 42 between 100,000 to 1 million, and 77 between 10,000 to 100,000. They have 215,000 base stations of which only 2 per cent are 28 GHz, covering 45 per cent of their population. India has 48 cities of over 1 million, 405 with 100,000 to 1 million people, and 2,500 with 10,000 to 100,000 people. We have 102,000 base stations compared to South Korea’s 215,000, and would need many more at unaffordable cost for blanket coverage. What we need instead is high-speed 4G or Wi-Fi, using wireless 60 GHz and 70-80 GHz for the middle-mile, with 6 GHz Wi-Fi for the last mile (in addition to existing Wi-Fi at 2.4 and 5 GHz).<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </span></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One more requirement is technology organisation: Shared networks versus single-operator networks. Shared neutral host networks (NHNs) are the most efficient, while active sharing by operators costs 70 per cent less per user in an Indian case study. <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(3) </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />It is the government’s choice of policies that can help us on the high road.</span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></span></div></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><p class="MsoNormal">1: For details, see: “Productivity Growth in India: An
Empirical Assessment”, RBI Bulletin January 2023.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Bulletin/PDFs/02ART19012023C2BCA396B632479BBDD5485D89FDEEF4.PDF">https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Bulletin/PDFs/02ART19012023C2BCA396B632479BBDD5485D89FDEEF4.PDF</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">and<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Page 10: <a href="https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2023/English/WPIEA2023082.ashx">https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2023/English/WPIEA2023082.ashx</a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2: <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/infrastructure-construction/roads-and-pavements/why-do-many-roads-constructed-in-india-fail-prematurely.html">https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/infrastructure-construction/roads-and-pavements/why-do-many-roads-constructed-in-india-fail-prematurely.html</a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prof. Prithvi Singh Kandhal has drafted standards for the Indian Roads
Congress, and was formerly at the National Centre for Asphalt Technology at
Auburn University in Alabama.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368772499_Techno-Economic_Assessment_of_5G_Infrastructure_Sharing_Business_Models_in_Rural_Areas">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368772499_Techno-Economic_Assessment_of_5G_Infrastructure_Sharing_Business_Models_in_Rural_Areas</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Shruthi K.A. Kumar and Edward J. Oughton<o:p></o:p></p><br /></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-72391668473961196962023-04-06T16:26:00.003+05:302023-04-07T06:53:41.802+05:30Recovering From Silicon Valley Bank's Fall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vlJnYJdfSObsNWye6uQ2IX788QAFTjcIlzQ_b33fdyoJsLDRpRaoIDclmxFBs2f33WDkp17wSXuC4CMp716y7As_qSVaOsAqcyyz220-leqWzvbVwHz_IXKvRiKgM1CoV2x7E2Nhhc_vYqI_ibjl0v_2J2meEx6b47Hx7XgxtczScSeIQi7PQV_yDA/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7vlJnYJdfSObsNWye6uQ2IX788QAFTjcIlzQ_b33fdyoJsLDRpRaoIDclmxFBs2f33WDkp17wSXuC4CMp716y7As_qSVaOsAqcyyz220-leqWzvbVwHz_IXKvRiKgM1CoV2x7E2Nhhc_vYqI_ibjl0v_2J2meEx6b47Hx7XgxtczScSeIQi7PQV_yDA/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p> </p><h2 class="strydsc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Merriweather; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: medium;"><i>The solutions lie with the Fed, VCs, in-house management, and Silicon Valley itself.</i></span></h2><span class="font-inter dtlauthinfo" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; display: block; font-family: Inter; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;"><br /></span><span class="font-inter dtlauthinfo" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; display: block; font-family: Inter; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background: transparent; border-right: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 158); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="font-bold" style="border-right: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam Ponappa</span></span></a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">April 6, 2023</span></span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">After Lehman Brothers in 2008, Silicon Valley Bank’s (SVB’s) fall is significant because of its role in an area that is highly innovative and productive, an innovator for the world at large. The fallout gives rise to the question of whether constructive approaches can preempt a recurrence.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Simplistically, banks rely on customers ordinarily withdrawing only a portion of their deposits. Reality is more complicated, with customers seeking higher returns from mutual funds, or in direct investment in stocks, bonds, and other assets. Still, banking works on trust, with people believing they can get their money when they want. <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">The SVB crisis unsettles this notion. The bank’s fall was triggered by a near-panic in Silicon Valley social media networks of tech founders and leading Venture Capital (VC) fund managers.<span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: super;">1</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>SVB did have an unsustainable business model with serious liquidity issues. It was highly concentrated as the go-to bank for Silicon Valley VCs and their clients (nearly half of all technology and biotechnology start-ups). Its investments in bonds were in long-term mortgage-backed securities. A large increase in deposits in 2021 from high-tech profits led to $80 billion invested in low-yielding bonds in 2022, taking SVB’s total holdings to over $90 billion.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">This worked during the decade when interest rates were low, but became unsustainable once rates rose. Fed rates escalated by 4.5 per cent in one year from April 2022. Fed warnings to SVB in July 2022 were ignored. Meanwhile, the technology downturn forced client withdrawals, while the interest-sensitive bonds dropped in value. SVB ignored the losses because securities were held to maturity, until Moody’s warned of a coming downgrade, galvanising SVB to act. It planned to sell $21 billion of bonds at a loss to reinvest in assets with higher returns, and raise $1.75 billion of equity to make up the loss. The bonds were sold booking a loss of $1.8 billion. Moody’s downgrade was milder because of this and the proposed stock sale, but the preparatory work for the stock sale was incomplete when markets opened on March 9. SVB’s announcement of the loss and proposed share sale came together with bad news about another bank’s closure, Silvergate Capital, linked to bankrupt bitcoin exchange FTX. SVB’s stock plummeted, and a group of VCs and their clients tried to withdraw as much as $42 billion that day. California banking regulators closed SVB, appointing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as the receiver. The ecosystem of SVB, VCs and start-ups was destroyed by these insiders themselves.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="color: #282b32;">The market may take years to revive, if at all. Whether that level of facile agility can be achieved remains to be seen. Meanwhile, start-ups everywhere have much harder conditions after SVB’s fall.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32;"> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #282b32;">Unless…</span></span><br /></div><p style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px;">An effort by a group of VCs holds out hope. Nearly 700 VC funds, including some of the most prominent, such as Sequoia Capital, Accel Partners, New Enterprise Ventures, Khosla Ventures, Kleiner Perkins, Bessemer, and Light Speed, coordinated by General Catalyst’s Hemant Taneja, have expressed support for a revival of SVB or its successor.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: super;">2</span><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px;"> If they succeed in working out a solution with regulators and government, presumably with better liquidity and risk management, although sectoral concentration may be unavoidable, there could be a recovery of Silicon Valley’s inimitable capacity for converting ideas into products and services. The Fed investigation of what went wrong is expected to be made public by May 1.</span><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px;"> </span></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">These events emphasise the need to balance beliefs, e.g., in free markets, with the reality of reliance on regulations, protocols, governments and state-sponsored capacity in crises. This is true globally for whatever reason, whether for commercial, political, disasters, riots, or wars. They also question assumptions that banking and financial services can be run without the regulatory encumbrances that underlie established practices, because technological developments enable disintermediation driven solely by profits devoid of societal considerations. Slackened regulations and increased forbearance under the Trump administration provide examples. <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #800180;">Regulatory Needs</span></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #282b32;"> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">US and Indian banking regulations need various changes. The objective needs to be resolution once boundary conditions are breached, not forbearance, with moral hazard reduced through stiff penalties. The requirement is to institute controls as needed. Existing protocols, for example, the Fed’s stress test of a recession, may not identify problems created by rapid rate increases. The aim has to be to avert crises. For SVB, this could have been timely bridge financing and management change/induction with aligned VC backers/investors, initiated by regulators.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">This conflicts with America’s forbearance and hands-off approach, such as allowing choice in classifying securities as held to maturity or available for sale, changeable at will. This means interest rate risks could remain undetected even with tighter controls. Instead, pragmatic, rule-based, tracking software of variables such as interest rate mismatches for all securities, asset growth or depletion and corresponding risk management factors, could flag issues through exception reports. Management and regulators could address these, instead of having to search and find problems through diligent scrutiny. Normative action, such as marking securities to market to highlight mismatches, asset bubbles, and the like, could be flagged with automated, rule-based measures on securities and loans. Real estate loans could require escalating equity participation for larger and multiple loans.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">One problem in India is that the level of digital automation is incomplete. For example, published material from the government or the Reserve Bank of India is often images of text, PDF, or numeric documents, instead of searchable language and figures in databases. Periodic numeric reports are often not compiled, requiring scraping routines to extract sequential data. <br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> </div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Another is that we may have to ease into rule-based systems, as the preference for discretionary control tends to increase higher up.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;">It is possible to institute controls, take initiatives and design software alerts to flag and avoid situations like the collapse of SVB.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"> </span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:<i> </i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/16/opinion/silicon-valley-bank-venture-capital.html%20.%202:%20Venture%20Capital%20Statement%20of%20Support%20for%20SVB5OUwjL1H4ERxW7EjTGQ/edit" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d0d0d; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/16/opinion/silicon-valley-bank-venture-capital.html </a></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2:<i> <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/13h84RV5MXZpImXxelaYOcI6B5OUwjL1H4ERxW7EjTGQ/edit" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Venture Capital Statement of Support for SVB</a></i></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #282b32; font-family: Merriweather;"><i><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/13h84RV5MXZpImXxelaYOcI6B5OUwjL1H4ERxW7EjTGQ/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/13h84RV5MXZpImXxelaYOcI6B5OUwjL1H4ERxW7EjTGQ/edit</a></i></span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #282b32; float: none; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;"><br /></div></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-25030625778790176752023-02-14T10:59:00.203+05:302023-02-15T16:27:51.868+05:30Unmet Needs In Wireless Regulations<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibAiQ6uD_NR3Kni10wbofpc0DO8RIpDeQvOEOBW0TJdmZXDsdnMuvZF-hM8WzV_ZX_JYG38iyFgKoAWbipdd2VlEybR7dIqLHjkd3nrwthD3Bqhu9Qnw7jG-lBrz8YCcqpGuDDCb7LmKfaqY_fBsQPCE4P4nSfHafQssalXUA3EbkdYZiZDUTVN63WCg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibAiQ6uD_NR3Kni10wbofpc0DO8RIpDeQvOEOBW0TJdmZXDsdnMuvZF-hM8WzV_ZX_JYG38iyFgKoAWbipdd2VlEybR7dIqLHjkd3nrwthD3Bqhu9Qnw7jG-lBrz8YCcqpGuDDCb7LmKfaqY_fBsQPCE4P4nSfHafQssalXUA3EbkdYZiZDUTVN63WCg=w200-h32" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></h2><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><i>1. </i></span><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><i>Telecommunications need priority as the primary enabler for growth, climate mitigation, and living conditions. This holds for primary infrastructure as well in energy, transportation, water and sanitation, and for secondary infrastructure such as healthcare, education, and financial services. </i></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #800180; font-family: verdana;"><b>2. In the last decade, governments </b></i><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #800180; font-family: verdana;"><b>in India </b></i><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #800180; font-family: verdana;"><b>have taken out more than they have put into telecommunications by way of funding and/or enabling policy formulation.</b> </i></span></h2><div><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><i>3. Given the high costs and impracticality of installing ubiquitous fibre, policies for wireless middle- and last-mile telecom connectivity are urgently required.</i></span></h2></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></div><p> <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" rel="noopener" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"> | February 14, 2023</span></p><p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Setting aside the uproar in financial markets and politics for a moment, consider just some mundane facts on a deficient aspect of infrastructure. The urgent present and future need is to address the missing links in our connectivity chain with appropriate, enabling regulations.</span></p><div class="paywall" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One would think that in this era, governance in India would focus on digitisation and digital connectivity. It is one of our critical infrastructure needs in a set that includes transport and energy. One might even assume from the schemes and announcements about digitisation that the government accords priority to these areas. So what is it that gives one pause?</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">India touts its resolve in this sector. Yet, in the ground realities of its expenditure on the sector, policies and actual reforms, this resolve is lacking. Moreover, many urgent requirements are actually for appropriate, timely policy responses, not for government funding, as discussed below.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The table (<em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Spending Plan</em>) shows budgeted expenditure (revised figures for 2022) for roads, railways, and communications in the last three years.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><img align="left" alt="chart" class="imgCont" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2914741716" height="468" src="https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2023-02/13/full/1676306513-5039.jpg?im=Resize,width=640" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle; z-index: 0;" title="chart" width="620" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The expenditure on roads and railways is twice the amount on communications, for which there is also a lower increment for next year. Of the Rs 1.23 trillion, BSNL gets Rs 52,937 crore, the rest of telecommunications gets Rs 44,642 crore, and postal projects get Rs 25,814 crore.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If emphasis on digitisation and connectivity is really critical, is the budgeted amount disproportionately low? Considering that efficiency and productivity drive growth, climate mitigation, and living conditions, and gain from these enablers regardless of the mix of technology, capital, land, and human resources, digital effectiveness and efficiency need prioritisation as multipliers. It is as though we simply do not recognise that communications is the leading enabler.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #800180;">What Can Be Done About This?</span></b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The way the following instances were dealt with over the last several years show how policy deficiencies may be more purposefully addressed. </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>The Vodafone Saga</b></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The handling of the Vodafone saga by both the United Progressive Alliance and the National Democratic Alliance exemplifies one type of problem. Briefly, Vodafone was saddled with arbitrarily imposed retrospective taxes in 2007, which the Supreme Court set aside in 2012. Then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee piloted legislation whereby retrospective policy changes justified tax claims on offshore stake acquisitions of Indian companies. Vodafone and other operators were also battling licence fees claimed on non-telecom</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">revenues included in “aggregate gross revenues” (AGR) since 2003, with mounting interest dues. In August 2021, the government finally gave in on retrospective taxes on Vodafone (and Cairn Energy) after arbitration awards against it. In September 2021, a</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> telecom </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">relief package offered a four-year moratorium for the beleaguered operators’ debt repayments, while finally excluding non-telecom revenues for licence fee calculations.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The relief was temporary, with interest accruing on all outstanding dues. There was much more that needed to be done to prevent prolonged attrition with high opportunity costs, because of the non-availability of services severely constraining India’s capacity and productivity. Examples include revenue sharing for spectrum as for licence fees, and active network sharing through open access to operators on payment (see </span><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2021/10/telecom-reforms-relief-with-hope.html"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="border: none; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ligatures: none;">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2021/10/telecom-reforms-relief-with-hope.html</span></span></a><span style="font-family: verdana;">).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vodafone Idea and India’s users suffered the cost and deprivation of services until the government decided on February 3 to convert Vodafone’s dues of Rs 16,133 crore into government-held equity. Meanwhile, Vodafone Idea was down to under 244 million subscribers by the end of November 2022, having lost 21 million users. Its debt rose because the government dithered with the afterthought that Vodafone Idea should invest more <i><b>before</b></i> the government fulfilled its conversion of dues to government-owned equity. Clearly, future policies need to be stable and well-thought-out in the </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">public interest, without whimsical changes or arbitrary conditions.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The irony is that in the UK and Europe, Vodafone competes with Orange, BT, Telefonica, and Deutsche Telekom with state-of-the-art services, and runs Europe’s largest 5G network in 12 countries. In partnership with the Kumar Mangalam Birla group, it is the sole surviving international telecom operator in India.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What if governments had acted quickly to correct anomalies such as retrospective taxes and defined AGR rationally? Imagine what the opportunity gains might have been with three strong operators in a well-regulated market of over a billion.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;"><b>The </b></span><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Elusive Goal Of </b><b style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Optical Fibre For All </b></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A second instance of inappropriate policies is that of wireless policies and the use of optical fibre. Ratings firm ICRA recently stated that full-scale 5G deployments across India would require expenditure of about Rs 3 trillion for densification, because nearly two-thirds of the towers lack fibre connectivity. Heavy investment appears unlikely given the telcos’ expected debt of Rs 6.3 trillion by March 2023 (see </span><span style="border: none; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/5g-infra-to-cost-rs-3-trn-in-next-4-5-yrs-amid-elevated-debt-levels-icra-123013001026_1.html"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/5g-infra-to-cost-rs-3-trn-in-next-4-5-yrs-amid-elevated-debt-levels-icra-123013001026_1.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">).</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With the high costs for fibre rights-of-way and the installation difficulties on the ground, it is baffling that our policymakers in </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">the government</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> including </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) have not engaged with the urgent need for enabling wireless policies even for towers, based on successful models in other countries.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The DoT did, in fact, model the enabling wireless regulations for 5 GHz in October 2018 on the FCC template for Wi-Fi (for access and for point-to-point with limited capacity: </span><span style="border: none; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-great-start-on-wi-fi-reforms.html"><span class="Hyperlink1">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-great-start-on-wi-fi-reforms.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">). However, this was not followed up with regulations for middle-mile, high-capacity wireless for towers and small cells, as is only logical, that is, for 60 GHz V-band and 70-80 GHz E-band for longer distances. Without these, and with pricing for microwave being restrictive here, there are gaps between the user-access-end and the core-network-with-fibre-termination-points. These gaps would be too expensive to fill out entirely with fibre optic cables, as is evident from ICRA’s estimate above. Yet, many officials repeatedly talked about fibre connectivity to all, which after consideration should strike anyone as patently infeasible because of our size, population distribution, and cost-and-revenue structure.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Other critical wireless regulation required now is enabling 6GHz for Wi-Fi, allowing speeds of up to 10 Gbps, and support for local product development and production instead of relying on imports.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Considering how resources are channelled and regulations attended to, the communications sector needs far greater emphasis and action on well-thought-out, timely policy intervention as indicated above to better support our economy and society.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><hr style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; height: 0px; margin: 1rem 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;" /><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></em></div><div class="paywall" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</em></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-79895123561183836772022-11-03T16:38:00.005+05:302022-12-12T06:33:46.028+05:30Empowering Gati Shakti - The Transport & Logistics Platform<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjC6cSkfAQqe4VvTIQAzztaFI9lPk_YKA6kKU28zp-j4ZmpGbIyNNUI90o4ZUn9kA5rf1P5V3QHaawIgdkhCodgaMopYUR7mCMHM_WDyoMFkoklK0MHA5qoR8dBXTprRI8zCI5lZGlCb2Mq_Ao3R5ybGtBLC1bUawOkmb-IDwBR-b5Qfks9BKO4SoW88w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjC6cSkfAQqe4VvTIQAzztaFI9lPk_YKA6kKU28zp-j4ZmpGbIyNNUI90o4ZUn9kA5rf1P5V3QHaawIgdkhCodgaMopYUR7mCMHM_WDyoMFkoklK0MHA5qoR8dBXTprRI8zCI5lZGlCb2Mq_Ao3R5ybGtBLC1bUawOkmb-IDwBR-b5Qfks9BKO4SoW88w" width="320" /></a></div><br /><i><br /></i><p></p><p><i>Done right , the smart platform for infrastructure planning and execution could lead to tremendous productivity benefits.</i></p><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" rel="noopener" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"> | </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;">November 2, 2022</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The National Master Plan for logistics development on a digital platform, Gati Shakti (Speed and Strength), was introduced in October 2021. It is a much-needed initiative to introduce effective management systems in coordinating relevant ministries for all aspects of transportation and logistics. It establishes digitised institutional processes for comprehensive, integrated project planning and execution, to assist ministries and infrastructure sectors in achieving results. The aims are more efficient outcomes at reduced cost and time. Done correctly, this will result in tremendous productivity benefits at a low cost and with better environmental impact.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">A primary purpose of Gati Shakti is prioritisation for growth. Based on limited lay access (more on this later), an element that needs attention is telecommunications reform. The need is for inexpensive, higher capacity/intensity connectivity, by enabling spectrum usage for wireless and shared networks at lower capital investment with better utilisation. The platform’s effectiveness depends on this.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Gati Shakti is based on the recommendations of the National Transport Development Policy Committee1 in January 2014. Government agencies such as the railways, roads and highways, shipping, aviation, power, telecom, and so on reportedly use this for integrated planning and execution. During the past year, ministries responsible for fertiliser, coal, ports and the like reportedly identified nearly 200 “infrastructure gaps” in first-mile or last-mile logistics. An inter-ministerial expert panel monitors and recommends corrective action. Presumably, this will be tracked through the digitised database and portal, which also has geographic positioning capabilities.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prioritisation And Policy Changes More Essential Than Capital </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">As observed in an earlier column, a World Bank study across many countries validates the importance of telecommunications (and electricity) for growth.2 A report published by the Asian Development Bank Institute confirms that for India and China, internet and mobile density contribute to their high rate of growth.3</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Apart from these findings from past data, telecommunications and digitisation are now essential to most aspects of living. Most importantly, telecommunications and the internet need major policy changes on network sharing and reduced taxes. These are needed even more than capital, to accelerate network coverage and delivery. Examples of changes required include permitting high-speed wireless without loading discretionary costs, such as up-front auctions, high costs for wireless links, and onerous procedures. Policy changes can reduce pricing and sticky process/procedures for operators and, ultimately, users and society as a whole. Until this is done, users are either deprived of services because they are simply not there, or constrained by erratic and low-quality services, or burdened with high charges. The impact is in many areas as indicated below:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">- Environmental care & climate mitigation: Effective broadband coverage and shared networks significantly improve both.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">- Education and work life reach: Extending broadband coverage to the many millions living in rural or distant areas is one obvious need. This is also true for the many urban users who endure poor services, beyond the privileged, relatively few who have fibre or reliable high-speed wireless. Undoubtedly, a whole gamut of content and methods will need to evolve to enable effective learning for less educated users, as will ways to mitigate costs to provide access. But it is probably the only way crucial services can reach so many quickly, channel our population productively and pre-empt their degeneration into disruptive problem creators. This will open education to many more boys and girls, and employment opportunities to men and women.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">- Similar benefits are feasible in areas such as e-commerce, distributed healthcare, government services, in small and medium manufacturing and services enterprises for work process support systems, and entertainment.</span></p><p><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: verdana;"><b>Temples to Metaphysics and Physics</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">In the 1890s, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose (Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose) demonstrated wireless technology at 60 GHz (V-band),4 but his pioneering work languished in India. Meanwhile, countries such as the USA, the UK and others, including China, have exploited this technology for high-speed gigabit wireless in their networks in place of fibre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Much time and public resources are devoted to overt religiosity in India. Whereas Bose, <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/j-c-bose-scientist-extraordinaire-122070701300_1.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">scientist extraordinaire</a>, in his inaugural address dedicated the Bose Institute in Kolkata in 1917 as not merely a laboratory but a temple. Adding Paramahansa Yogananda’s “keen interest in evidence that India can play a leading part in physics, and not metaphysics alone”, we would do well to apply more physics and science—as in using wireless technology in our networks, and having more temples to science, systems, and other practical disciplines.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">India has just enabled restricted use of 60 GHz, although devices were available abroad for years. If government permits telcos to use 60 and 70-80 GHz “mmWave” technology for pay-for-use backhaul with no loading of extraneous costs (auctions, extra taxes), there would be enormous service and cost benefits in India, as in San Francisco and London (see the device maps in the charts for one supplier).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">V-Band and E-Band Devices in San Francisco and London for One Vendor (2017)</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibD9tUXwPsKjK-RmaHpgyUFoM5cEAmFwq5JTmnLNFs7ur0hCeTcDgXW3iQQO0Mcw9oq1FY2rMJlVlNgxYSJpUmqaHIXekr0wi7f4lW3ZGSzfnQESuGAxkjAc-3iBc9T31rHmELYBnSs_dPhlRoisrLyMcwYHjb7nuDZh_zoYv0wG_D4jl3I4o0qnVt8A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="561" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibD9tUXwPsKjK-RmaHpgyUFoM5cEAmFwq5JTmnLNFs7ur0hCeTcDgXW3iQQO0Mcw9oq1FY2rMJlVlNgxYSJpUmqaHIXekr0wi7f4lW3ZGSzfnQESuGAxkjAc-3iBc9T31rHmELYBnSs_dPhlRoisrLyMcwYHjb7nuDZh_zoYv0wG_D4jl3I4o0qnVt8A=w485-h480" width="485" /></a></p><p></p><p><br /><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Figure 3: Siklu radios in San Francisco, CA, according to FCC database</span></p><p><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Source: </span><a href="https://go.siklu.com/blog/custom-blog/the-evolution-of-mmwave-2" style="font-family: Exo, sans-serif; text-align: center;">https://go.siklu.com/blog/custom-blog/the-evolution-of-mmwave-2</a><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"> </span></p><p><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJRzwKtbCPdEHymic1wqn6dTBvPlrLRD3xxa_sLVu2zxl3XjMdswtDFC7BnQnvndSq59o2uPOCCL9XYX_5UhcQuvUNZL207ldoIdF-k1Atboj_9LL8RgyGUJaEBRCzElc-fMsRj5DyRSEGUweJCGdVxq_VcUye_SLkjCz4n9RdKy8KNlrbUvXaTQ0SRQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="586" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJRzwKtbCPdEHymic1wqn6dTBvPlrLRD3xxa_sLVu2zxl3XjMdswtDFC7BnQnvndSq59o2uPOCCL9XYX_5UhcQuvUNZL207ldoIdF-k1Atboj_9LL8RgyGUJaEBRCzElc-fMsRj5DyRSEGUweJCGdVxq_VcUye_SLkjCz4n9RdKy8KNlrbUvXaTQ0SRQ=w468-h352" width="468" /></a></p><p><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Figure 5: Siklu radios in London, UK, according to OFCOM database</span></p><p><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Source: </span><a href="https://go.siklu.com/blog/custom-blog/the-evolution-of-mmwave-2" style="font-family: Exo, sans-serif; text-align: center;">https://go.siklu.com/blog/custom-blog/the-evolution-of-mmwave-2</a><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"> </span></p><p><span face="Exo, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 545.467px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Changes are also needed to institutionalise easier access to spectrum for authorised institutions and researchers, so that India’s research and development for commercial and defence is freed of arbitrary, self-imposed constraints and delays.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 545.467px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Public access to the Gati Shakti portal, limited for security reasons, was allowed from October 2022. A cursory look at the portal does not disclose project details on sectors. It may be more amenable to authorised users; to a lay user, it appears to be a repository of reports that does not cater to meaningful queries or logical searches. Adding such capabilities would make it more informative and useful, although this will need to be balanced with security.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 545.467px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The essential points are that improving living conditions requires enabling and applying technology and know-how. Attention to scientific and domain applications to deal with ground realities will help improve our state of infrastructure for productivity and ease of living. Prioritising digitisation and telecommunications will help correct losing out on growth and associated living conditions because of inappropriate policies, and genuinely add both Gati and Shakti to our efforts.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 545.467px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
</div><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 545.467px;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1:
India Transport Report<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Moving
India To 2032<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Vol
I - Executive Summary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National
Transport Development Policy Committee, January 31, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rakesh
Mohan et al<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Summary
Recommendations: <a href="http://www.aitd.net.in/NTDPC/rep_ntdpc_v1.pdf">http://www.aitd.net.in/NTDPC/rep_ntdpc_v1.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2:
<em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;">How Much Does Physical Infrastructure Contribute to
Economic Growth?<o:p></o:p></span></em></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An Empirical Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Govinda Timilsina, David I.
Stern, Debasish K. Das<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">World Bank Group, Development
Economics<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">December 2021<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="OLE_LINK24"></a><a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36780"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK24;">https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36780</span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK24;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK24;"></span><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3: Digitalization and Economic
Performance of Two Fast-Growing Asian Economies: India and The People's
Republic of China<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dukhabandhu Sahoo, Suryakanta
Nayak, and Jayanti Behera<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ADB Institute Working Paper
Series<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">No. 1243<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">March 2021<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.adb.org/publications/digitalization-economic-performance-fast-growing-asian-economies-india-prc">https://www.adb.org/publications/digitalization-economic-performance-fast-growing-asian-economies-india-prc</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">4:
Jagadis Chandra Bose: Millimetre Wave Research in the Nineteenth Century<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Darrel
T. Emerson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National
Radio Astronomy Observatory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">949
N. Cherry Avenue, Building 65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tucson,
Arizona 85721<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1998<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/emerson_delhi.pdf">https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/emerson_delhi.pdf</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-47282088319968137672022-10-06T20:32:00.001+05:302022-10-06T20:32:51.894+05:30The 5G Opportunity For A Unitary Paradigm<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZwHScKCPjlr7u1BxVm2JajUwMcA6CV5qQ96UnwpyRWX8953Ruy2R8ewLEewhipxUldqlmbpHy7D70lmXUSKIlZCK_mNXGWLTOvLh9AUNmvsxXE0KDUVcBObYKDYKAmqtPhgTlhzrKBf2m8HElMLIu_F4IXHZt6Zt3LN70MTb4rTUrM_a8MFbVFuEDA/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZwHScKCPjlr7u1BxVm2JajUwMcA6CV5qQ96UnwpyRWX8953Ruy2R8ewLEewhipxUldqlmbpHy7D70lmXUSKIlZCK_mNXGWLTOvLh9AUNmvsxXE0KDUVcBObYKDYKAmqtPhgTlhzrKBf2m8HElMLIu_F4IXHZt6Zt3LN70MTb4rTUrM_a8MFbVFuEDA/w320-h51/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: small;"><i><br /></i></span></h2><h2 class="subHeadingClass" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 5px 0px;"><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: small;"><i>Adopt high-speed wireless subnetworks of small cells, and a commons approach.</i></span></h2><div><br /></div><p><span style="color: #800180;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" rel="noopener" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a> | <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">October 6, 2022</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">An explanatory note on the draft Indian Telecommunication Bill touches on how spectrum is similar to <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">atma</em>, the soul. If this idea is pursued through a unitary approach to regulation, emphasising functionality and avoiding fragmentation, services would proliferate because of lower costs and easier installation. The truth, however, is that the regulatory environment in the last decade has not been coherent and integrated.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">With 5G, India has the opportunity — once again — of adopting a resource-sharing approach, as is the case in some other forms of infrastructure. Airlines, for instance, share flight paths and airports, while vehicles and transporters share highways and transport facilities, and ships and shipping companies share routes and ports. In the same way, shared telecom infrastructure and spectrum will maximise efficient use of capital for 5G. The need is for integrated networks with many small cells, which are also effective for 4G. Both users and service providers benefit from capital-intensive infrastructure that permits open access to authorised operators paying for usage. Telecommunications has evolved in a more fragmented way than airlines and transport by land and sea. The latter systems are organised around the principle of a unitary approach to resource-sharing for efficient use.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">One reason telecommunications evolved in this way was because of technology limitations, particularly wireless interference. Another was the approach in developed markets, particularly the US, the UK, and Europe. From the 1990s, these markets experienced waves of deregulation, privatisation, and a worshipful attitude to competition.</span></span><a name="OLE_LINK78" style="background-color: transparent;"><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup></b></a><span style="font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px;"> Meanwhile, the dissolution of the Soviet Union encouraged indiscriminate acceptance of free-market ideas. The strongest impetus driving governments, however, may have been the windfall revenues from spectrum auctions.</span><span style="font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px;"> This was amplified by the incongruous phenomenon of people equating government collections with public benefit, paradoxically as capitalism was in the ascendance. Auctions were idolised even after the collapse of telecom in the 2000s. The sector recovered gradually after many years, although services were seen as being deficient globally, resulting in broadband policy interventions even in the US, as in many countries.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">However, barring notable exceptions, the concept of property rights continues to dominate spectrum assignment, as does homage to unfettered competition. Consequently, alternative approaches are scarce, although the technological and economic rationale for sharing integrated infrastructure, as in roads, rail, air and waterway routes and facilities, is self-evident, and is unquestioned. Quite simply, it is the logic of sharing high fixed and operating costs to maximise capacity utilisation, whether for communities or for nations. There are similar compelling reasons for sharing wireless technology and equipment, with developments in reduced interference, reuse in smaller areas with wider spectrum bands, and technological innovation far beyond earlier benchmarks. But this is not yet widely accepted, and much less so in India.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">Some countries with a propensity for cooperation, as in Scandinavia, have successfully implemented a consortium approach, but this may be restricted to places with a collaborative culture. Others have tried government control of common access networks or spectrum, such as Mexico’s 700 MHz network, Australia’s Next Generation Network, or Africa’s open access network, none with success. The opposite, private control of networks and spectrum, prevails, as espoused by the US and followed by many, including India. The US, however, is moving rapidly to shared secondary use of spectrum as well as more open access, both of which are promising when it comes to effectiveness and efficiency.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">Yet another way is the commons approach, with common carrier sectoral access to a public resource, spectrum, for the public good, with a fair sharing of costs for usage, as for airlines and other infrastructure. The example below shows how this could be done.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #800180;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #800180;">New Paradigm For Low-Cost Networks</span></strong> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">This outline is for 5G services in cities with fibre optic connections, which is extendable to rural areas without fibre. A recent press report mentions a government plan for Patna as a model for 5G rollout in cities. The city map is apparently divided into grids of 200 square metres to estimate the number of towers required, with the finding that the towers have to be doubled to over 3,000 for quality coverage. Whether this is really under consideration or not, the government surely needs to evaluate a wireless approach that is less expensive and more feasible than towers and fibre.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">A conceptual plan by an equipment manufacturer for 5G serving a million users in 400 sq km is shown in the chart. Hexagonal cells with sides of 3 km and area of about 23 sq km cover this service area with 60 radios and 50 node switches. These can be installed on existing towers, buildings, and street furniture.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeDHoVw-rjl5npkeqtOTsAG7I0EC-VHDr0FjWMjtbwV2LXJZj4vmJVi3ZIWyg7yWyHrOJ9bpn3Um7UdxtTenYBO-83PSrz95e7dx3l_F7BnaY27m-ro8VWLKSCfuVYMnKRQ1aH8DkUVX2r8JG-OUMh_dJvIqvpD5vUMLQO1fQ-vCuzrOC35DKiRJAazQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="550" data-original-width="933" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeDHoVw-rjl5npkeqtOTsAG7I0EC-VHDr0FjWMjtbwV2LXJZj4vmJVi3ZIWyg7yWyHrOJ9bpn3Um7UdxtTenYBO-83PSrz95e7dx3l_F7BnaY27m-ro8VWLKSCfuVYMnKRQ1aH8DkUVX2r8JG-OUMh_dJvIqvpD5vUMLQO1fQ-vCuzrOC35DKiRJAazQ=w518-h306" width="518" /></a></div><br />Source: <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://elva-1.com/data/files/docs/ELVA-1_Dual-band_Urban-Scale_Wireless_Networking_Concept.pdf">https://elva-1.com/data/files/docs/ELVA-1_Dual-band_Urban-Scale_Wireless_Networking_Concept.pdf</a></span><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">This calls for a true paradigm shift in India’s policies, applicable for both 4G and 5G networks. The following administrative changes in regulations are required:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.</strong> Permit authorised operators wide bandwidth use of V-band (60 GHz) and E-band (70-80 GHz) for multi-gigabit transport, with operators paying for actual usage. Permit channel width of 2.16 GHz (currently only 250 MHz for E-band) and channel aggregation for multi-gigabit throughput.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2.</strong> Permit Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz and 60 GHz bands for end user access.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.</strong> Adapt US regulations for these bands to India’s needs, as has been done for 5 GHz in October 2018.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4. </strong>Implement these changes urgently. The need for speedy clearances and action cannot be overemphasised, given the inordinate delays.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">To recap, our requirement is regulations for high-speed wireless in V-band and E-band, in wide bandwidths allowing for multi-gigabit transport for authorised operators paying for usage, together with end-user access through Wi-Fi in the 6 and 60 GHz bands. The costs, difficulty in installation, and completion time will reduce considerably, with far less towers and fibre because of the use of buildings and street furniture for wireless equipment. Radios will connect through wireless links in a mesh for coverage. Within cells, towers will connect to sub-cells for user access through Wi-Fi in the existing 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, or faster through 6 and 60 GHz.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;">This is an opportunity the government must not lose.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 531.956px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; height: 0px; margin: 1rem 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;" /><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></em></p><p><br /></p><p>1: Paul Starr: <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/~starr/articles/articles02/Starr-TelecomImplosion-9-02.htm" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration-line: none;"><u>"The Great Telecom Implosion,"</u></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman";">The American Prospect</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman";">(September 9, 2002), 20-24.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-22296262840945519832022-09-06T07:49:00.086+05:302022-09-07T07:53:44.363+05:30On-Time Payments Can Drive High Growth<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO28JqZj9hsgenqQgK-n6qf1evtrc5pc0SLSffygGWNj5n_GbKRwm30psvlmtwSmL2uQOtKs8L2UxoRahip-F6ElK36Bmzu1ZnCpyBHOhH7eDGENTUkyb-JaZdzGZZow_t0YgEJzInZQBuKPKXHhWX4HaPtU5D0srkpKvpBDrA4YwN5gkh0uOkLeri7g/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO28JqZj9hsgenqQgK-n6qf1evtrc5pc0SLSffygGWNj5n_GbKRwm30psvlmtwSmL2uQOtKs8L2UxoRahip-F6ElK36Bmzu1ZnCpyBHOhH7eDGENTUkyb-JaZdzGZZow_t0YgEJzInZQBuKPKXHhWX4HaPtU5D0srkpKvpBDrA4YwN5gkh0uOkLeri7g/s320/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="320" /></a>
</div><div><br /></div><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><i>
Lacklustre trend growth calls for attention to the economy, with less
distractions, diversions, and disruptions. Government can lead with payment on
time. </i></span><div><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><i><br /></i></span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #800180; font-family: Calibri;">Shyam Ponappa | September 1, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">India’s economic recovery from the recent slump offers hope of reasonable prospects for the future. There are other
encouraging factors that bolster this expectation, such as the reduction in the non-performing assets (NPAs) of banks. Yet, there is the sobering reality of a number of counterpoints that give pause. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Warnings about constraints limiting
average growth to 5 per cent annually arise from many factors: </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span> Bank NPAs at
nearly 6 per cent are still well above prudential norms. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">- Unviable government
overdue payments, the unacknowledged counterpart of NPAs (more on this below). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span>
Electioneering practices that are socially disruptive and financially ruinous. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">-
Low proportion of women employed (20 per cent). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span> The need for increased
provision to improve access to better jobs, either by migration or by remote
access. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span> The need for improved digitisation for quality and output, including
clean, secure databases. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span> Government interference that decreases public sector
productivity and performance. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">-</span> Uncertainties and disruptions from external
threats (border tensions/clashes, and global disruptions of critical supply
chains). </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Some factors are beyond policies and regulations, while others are not.
What realistically could be the expectations of government policies and actions?
An annual average of 5 per cent (only)? Or could it be higher, as we need it to
be? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">The chart shows recent annual growth rates since a peak of 8.26 per cent in
2016.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLvARHcOBeFxE7Jw546FYXeT9rPkIMiTOF-hSNOyd
3LyVoyklsEG6woV4vQOC0VnK3zp0oEqSe2phDiFCPdOn9hoPxciwMxT1y_Huoe21tq82ihVPer9yyozc8MaODPsHvgiE24QZ-cYzBi2PGVvMFu5k0Ub4dQp7qED6nT-LV1VB88QBjF931-WKsTQ/s640/Annual%20GDP%20Growth%20%25-BS-2022.09.01.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLvARHcOBeFxE7Jw546FYXeT9rPkIMiTOF-hSNOyd3LyVoyklsEG6woV4vQOC0VnK3zp0oEqSe2phDiFCPdOn9hoPxciwMxT1y_Huoe21tq82ihVPer9yyozc8MaODPsHvgiE24QZ-cYzBi2PGVvMFu5k0Ub4dQp7qED6nT-LV1VB88QBjF931-WKsTQ/s320/Annual%20GDP%20Growth%20%25-BS-2022.09.01.jpg" width="320" /></span></a>
</div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div>
The annual average since 2016 is 5.19 per cent, which means growing at 8 per
cent for the next three years will yield an average of only 6.03 per cent since
2016. Even growth at 9 per cent annually for the next three years will result in
an average of 6.33 per cent for the period. Realistically, if the government and
the rest of the country do some right things, an average 5-6 per cent is all
that is likely. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">While this is indeed sobering, it signals the need for serious
attention to the economy, and less distractions, diversions, and disruptions. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Payment Discipline & NPAs </span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are of course broad, interlinked reforms needed in many
areas, such as in farming, the judiciary and dispute resolution, trade
protectionism and tariffs, and so on. But there is a simple, fundamental change
required that is essential if India is to genuinely address “performance”
instead of maundering its way to “non-performance” as in the case of NPAs (i.e., non-performing assets),
which, however, for some reason doesn’t happen. This simple change is
performance of timely payments by government and government-owned entities. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">On-time Payments Can Drive Higher Growth </span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Three years ago, this column explained
how overdues lead to NPAs, and more broadly why a fundamental change is required
in adherence to payment discipline.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: super;">1</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> While much has been made of NPAs being
unacceptable, there seems to be a tacit acceptance of government and public
sector overdues. Whereas government overdues are like the counterpart of NPAs,
reflecting government non-performance of payment obligations. The Central
Repository of Information on Large Credits (CRILC) for collated data on bank
loans and NPAs was created in 2014. Until then, such data had to be obtained
from diverse sources. But there is no matching single point access to payments due and
overdue from government and public sector entities (central and state). The
power ministry’s portal from 2018 (praapti.in) is an exception, as is the
Samadhaan portal for micro, medium, and small-scale enterprises (MSMEs) of the
Ministry of MSMEs from 2017. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">For electricity, at the end of July 2022 state
subsidy overdues to distribution companies (discoms) were reportedly at Rs
75,000 crore, while total overdues to generators and discoms was Rs 2.5
trillion. Regarding government overdues to MSMEs, nearly 100,000 applications
had been filed in the four years to October 2021. A press report in October 2021
cited an estimate of overdues to MSMEs of Rs 1.5 trillion. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bank NPAs were
finally addressed in 2014-2015 by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) enforcing
existing regulations to clear dues or be classified as NPAs. For most
enterprises, this was like being sentenced to the guillotine. While this
appeared draconian instead of calibrated attempts at restructuring, arguably,
developments thereafter may justify the recourse to harsh methods. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Less drastic
ways are possible, just as restructuring stressed loans through effective
processes and timelines is possible, but only for viable projects, and not
without difficulty. This is the alternative to overdue bank loans being declared
as NPAs, followed by bankruptcy and distress sales. An example of the effect of
this blunt instrument occurred in 2019 to a number of power generators and
distributors. There were 34 power producers with viable projects who had unpaid
dues from electricity distributors, or were facing coal supply problems, or were
in the process of restructuring loans. Classified as defaulters after the
RBI-mandated 180 days regardless of the cause, they had to seek judicial relief.
The Supreme Court quashed the order that gave rise to this condition, i.e., the
RBI Circular of February 2018. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Others had a worse fate, such as a major
construction company whose receivables far exceeding its debt were overdues from
major public sector companies, but suffered severe financial distress because it
could not service its debts. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">For government dues, it would be far more
preferable to institute a credible, calibrated and systematic process, including
real-time monitoring and penalties (with minimum discretion), rather than
adopting the guillotine approach. This is because the cost of the resulting
economic shut-down has to be avoided if at all possible. Similar real-time
processes and systems could be set up for bank loans for NPAs, and to prevent
overleveraged borrowing. Uncollated data on government dues are already in the
goods and services tax system, as detailed in this article two years ago.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt; vertical-align: super;">2</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Fundamental changes in operational standards are essential for on-time payments,
with penalties (penal interest, with restrictions on borrowing), with strict
enforcement for non-performance. Central and state governments have to provide
the lead on this necessary aspect of governance. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Just getting cash flows on time
would probably be sufficient for India to grow at well beyond an annual average of 5 per
cent </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">1: <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2019/04/delayed-cah-flows-and-npas.html">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2019/04/delayed-cah-flows-and-npas.html</a>; </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/delayed-cash-flows-and-npas-119040301417_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/delayed-cash-flows-and-npas-119040301417_1.html</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">2: <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/clearing-dues-from-the-government-120100601684_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/clearing-dues-from-the-government-120100601684_1.html</a></span></div></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-25533240121470487352022-08-04T20:14:00.005+05:302022-10-07T07:31:07.209+05:30Infrastructure Sectors That Boost Growth<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMPjkrS9iaCYx2KunEryONHGhfWaNFqIGP3hX1TAr0VMjhMRQpyb4eirz0ZRaTf1Zk3jrpZPcbSL7IJUfOViyB7gsYE8BbT9SRLmtALbsEt47GKbHHOXPVGvb74hb6FWa6mzwmd8mneV3D79teHZNZq1eXSclg_sBOl7j8bPecOkrlFDC5ZxdWgYVn-g" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMPjkrS9iaCYx2KunEryONHGhfWaNFqIGP3hX1TAr0VMjhMRQpyb4eirz0ZRaTf1Zk3jrpZPcbSL7IJUfOViyB7gsYE8BbT9SRLmtALbsEt47GKbHHOXPVGvb74hb6FWa6mzwmd8mneV3D79teHZNZq1eXSclg_sBOl7j8bPecOkrlFDC5ZxdWgYVn-g" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Apply proven policies in telecom and electricity to rev up the economy.</span></i></h2><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam Ponappa</span> | <span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;">August 4, 2022</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Does infrastructure spending promote economic growth, or is it the other way around? The arguments go back to questions such as whether building America’s railroads in the 1850s led to growth, or the reverse. While the costs and benefits of building transportation may be contested, partly because of what is measured and what is not, one positive linkage that has emerged is between improvements in information and communications technology and economic growth.</p><div class="paywall" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Potentially useful findings are given below.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. </strong>A World Bank study (2021) reviewed the contribution of three categories of infrastructure to growth from 1992-2017: Transport, electricity, and telecommunications. The study covered 87 countries out of 189, because of missing data and to ensure a balanced panel. One finding was that infrastructure, especially electricity generation and telecommunications, significantly affected economic growth. This effect was larger more recently (1992-2017) than before (1970-1991), and developing economies experienced stronger effects than industrialised economies.<b style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span face=""Open Sans",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">1</span></span></sup></b></p></div><p><span class="p-content" face=""open sans", Arial !important" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: none; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><div class="pagination_bar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px;"></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><p></p><div class="paywall" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The researchers considered the contribution of physical capital, human capital, electricity, roads, railways, mobile phones and telephones to gross domestic product (GDP). The first principal component derived from these that explained most of the variation, comprising mainly electricity, mobile phones, and land-line phones, was characterised as the telecommunications and electricity factor. The second principal component, comprising largely roads and railways, was characterised as the transport factor. These factors roughly kept pace with population except mobile phones, which increased very significantly, driving the increase in the first principal component.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; float: left; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><img align="left" alt="graph" class="imgCont" data-pagespeed-url-hash="4054673100" height="487" src="https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2022-08/04/full/1659555230-2744.jpg?im=Resize,width=640" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-right: 10px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle; z-index: 0;" title="graph" width="620" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The chart of the GDP response to the two principal components demonstrates the effect of the primarily electricity-and-telecommunications principal component PC1, and of the primarily transport principal component PC2. The latter initially reduced output for some years. The implication is a need for policies that prioritise telecommunications, including broadband and internet, and electricity.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.</strong><span> </span>An Asian Development Bank publication on digitalisation and economic performance in India and China found that the internet and mobile density have a significant impact on economic growth.<b style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">2</span></span></sup></b></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.</strong><span> </span>A study of factors that drove the surge in India’s service exports by researchers at the Institute of Economic Growth and Symbiosis found that attributes that affect the highest service exports (computers, communication and other services were nearly three times the traditional service exports in 2013), were driven by teledensity, together with financial sector development, human capital, and R&D expenditure (chart 2 ).<b style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">3</span></span></sup></b></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; float: left; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><img align="left" alt="graph" class="imgCont" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3413373310" height="502" src="https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2022-08/04/full/1659555253-9221.jpg?im=Resize,width=640" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-right: 10px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle; z-index: 0;" title="graph" width="620" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The impact of telecommunications and electricity together with strengths in computers and communications services points to India’s needs: Prioritise enabling policies for telecommunications infrastructure for broadband and internet (integrated with the rest: Electricity and transportation, water and sewerage, logistics/transport, financial support, taxation, and so on). Parallel support is required to develop local ecosystems for equipment, which would have to be imported otherwise.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Effect on Policies</strong> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">What matters is how these conclusions affect government’s policies, because policies and regulations permit or constrain what we do and how we live. The solutions required ideally are for overall community needs, and not for what individuals, sectors, or stakeholders might need, as the consideration below indicates.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">5G Auction & Prospects</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Now that the government has bagged Rs 1.5 trillion from the 5G auction, what are the prospects for growth? If this amount is channelled to support BSNL/MTNL, with more government intervention to make them profitable, consider the probable outcomes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(a)<span> </span></strong>Things could turn out as planned, resulting in a strong telecommunications sector with four operators propelling growth. BSNL/MTNL certainly need support for their important, widespread services. The issue is whether they can be profitable, given their role. On the one hand are their market position in coverage/saturation and diminished share, while on the other are their responsibilities for essential services for strategic purposes and in difficult, unremunerative locations.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">It is unreasonable to expect profitable performance in competition with private operators who can cherry-pick their markets. The very idea that governance through providing essential services must make profits is untenable, as it is for security, defence, or disaster management. Yet, this expectation has led to price cuts that have ended in a race to the bottom. Such pricing is a disservice, because it constrains investment in services, and thereby overall country capacity, to low-quality bottom-feeding. We expect and get low prices, but are saddled with low quality. The sector cannot build high-quality, reliable services, and is falling farther behind global service levels. India cannot possibly compete burdened with such self-imposed handicaps.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(b)<span> </span></strong>Another possible outcome is that there will be unsustainable price cuts as before, with unfair access to spectrum (announced), and unfair competition from corporations. The losses could be perpetual, with the sector and the economy in shambles.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Alternative for Policymakers</span></strong><span color="rgb(0, 0, 0) !important"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Instead of continuing with unreasonable and ineffective practices that prevent us from realising our potential, even now, the government can change policies to capitalise on our strengths of being imaginative and resourceful, with the capacity to perform well with good systems and processes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The success of NTP-99 can be repeated, by converting auction payments to revenue-share, this time for spectrum instead of licence fees. The difference is that operator dues can be financed from actual revenues, and not loans on anticipated revenues. This will not only enable immediate investment in networks and services, but as with NTP-99, is likely to result in substantial growth, with much higher government collections, and as a multiplier across sectors.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Legislation can be framed to convert spectrum auction payments to a reasonable percentage of revenues, as for licences. Instead of destabilising markets to favour BSNL/MTNL or corporations, insights can be applied and best-practice regulations can be adapted for our circumstances. The introduction of shared infrastructure through two or more mandatory consortiums led by corporate entities, with BSNL/MTNL as a strategic stakeholder ensuring national security and public interest, will enable even greater leveraging of network assets.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial;" /><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</em><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">: Timilsina G. et al:<span> </span><a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://openknowledge.worldbank.org</a></em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2)</strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">: D Sahoo et al:<span> </span><a href="https://www.adb.org/publications" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://www.adb.org/publications</a></em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400;">(3)</strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400;">: </em><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><i>Pravakar Sahoo & Ranjan Kumar Dash: "What Drives India's Surge in Service Exports?"</i></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><i><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3620313">https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3620313</a></i></span></span></p></div>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-22217465771068586232022-07-07T20:37:00.000+05:302022-07-07T20:37:14.511+05:30Improving The Odds For 5G<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznewK99PfNWMjshc2fIVf8PAlcp8EYZKiXRK9RnPpJAU00foe0PRI_pmBYgCq3xmndqzZeJbO98e603ilZHiN9h7BxtnC5Eb3nJzP7jl7Qx9XgETOKuVx4fMogCV8RY7Ix0r0dJHPJ3UwRXtAL_mKJtaE9s18HfRpFz9N5HPZTr7kcdeBd7-LdfnXBA/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznewK99PfNWMjshc2fIVf8PAlcp8EYZKiXRK9RnPpJAU00foe0PRI_pmBYgCq3xmndqzZeJbO98e603ilZHiN9h7BxtnC5Eb3nJzP7jl7Qx9XgETOKuVx4fMogCV8RY7Ix0r0dJHPJ3UwRXtAL_mKJtaE9s18HfRpFz9N5HPZTr7kcdeBd7-LdfnXBA/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Fixing the approach for networks and services is necessary for getting to 5G.</span></i></h2><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #800180;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> </span> | <span style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">July 7, 2022</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Towards the end of 2021, the government acted admirably in the public interest, making difficult and courageous decisions to partially resolve legacy problems in telecom, such as redefining adjusted gross revenues and withdrawing retrospective tax demands. This gave rise to expectations that reforms would be less constraining, and more beneficial for the public interest. The announcement in June of <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/5g-spectrum" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">5G spectrum</a> auctions and limited E-Band backhaul allocation, alas, falls far short. Why the disappointment, and how might the situation be improved?</p><div class="paywall" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Two areas need changes: Backhaul, and access spectrum. One aim is to remove self-imposed constraints. Another is to replicate the successful pattern of other sectors, where enterprises build their business, earn revenues, and then pay taxes. For some reason, this does not apply to communications despite it being a critical essential service.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Backhaul – E-Band</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">A fundamental problem is the limited backhaul spectrum. Two bands of 250 MHz of E-band spectrum (70-80 GHz) are to be assigned to each telco that wins <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/5g-spectrum" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">5G spectrum</a>. This is puzzling, as there are 10 GHz available (20 times 500 MHz). If press reports that this is temporary are correct because these frequencies are to be auctioned— and telcos must agree to pay the auction price at that time — the situation is disastrous, because 5G needs large backhaul capacity.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">In other countries such as the US or the EU, policies are framed so as to enable usage of the full 10 GHz at minimal cost. This provides flexible capacity for much higher throughput, whereas we are creating a self-imposed constraint by restricting capacity. This means that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries gain more from increased productivity than a developing country with the same resource. This can be remedied by adopting their regulations as appropriate.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The public interest is well served when policies enable telcos to use available resources to increase productivity and efficiency, instead of being obstructed in delivering services, or having to spend more to achieve comparable service levels. The same goes for the discriminatory allocation of spectrum to non-telcos (private companies), who will apparently be allotted spectrum on preferential terms compared with telcos. India’s networks cannot compare with those of the OECD countries that have such policies, which is why such allocations would be too disruptive here.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Just as we are deprived of network capacity because spectrum is either not permitted for use, or is extortionately priced (both self-imposed conditions), limiting wireless backhaul or pricing it high will hamstring 5G and even 4G, because wireless backhaul will not be deployed extensively if the cost is prohibitive. These circumstances are aggravated by the threat of auctions for backhaul spectrum.</p></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Without extensive wireless backhaul, access spectrum from auctions cannot be fully utilised because of limited direct fibre connectivity. Unlike countries that have good wireless backhaul— business hubs such as Mumbai’s Bandra Kurla Complex or Nariman Point, Gurugram’s DLF Cyber Hub, Connaught Place or the Dhaula Kuan, — the Airport stretch in Delhi, hospital and medical research complexes, engineering and manufacturing clusters, and so on, are denied vastly improved communications and access to data using gigabit wireless mesh networks. Even the spread of 4G small cells is constrained, reducing efficiency and productivity.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">It would be useful to base India’s regulations on what others such as the US, the EU, and the UK are doing with E-band. They require non-exclusive nationwide licences, with mandatory coordination and link registration (usually through a geolocation database). Our comparatively less developed networks make it inadvisable to adopt their policies wholesale, because it would disrupt equitable network development in India, accentuating the divide by skewing investment to the most profitable areas.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Our authorities need to focus on setting up and institutionalising processes such as non-exclusive licensing to telcos, and the mechanism of geolocation databases for backhaul spectrum for mandatory coordination and registration. Policies need to be framed so as to help builand grow gigabit wireless links to reinvigorate the sector, to recoup its stellar trajectory and contribution as in the past.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">An instructive example is the approach taken by the City of London, or the “Square Mile”, in addressing communications for its 400,000 workers every day, 10 million visitors annually, and 9,000 residents. The mix of historical buildings and modern architecture poses a challenge for mobile network services. In 2017, the City initiated a project for providing free public gigabit Wi-Fi throughout the Square Mile.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">1</span></sup></strong> The design incorporated 4G small cells for better connectivity, and the City offered 3,000 street assets (such as lampposts), stipulating that the system must be a neutral host open to all service providers.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The project was awarded to a joint venture of which one company is active in India. The backhaul uses a self-organising millimetre wave (mmWave) mesh as a “neutral host” that enables use by multiple operators. The mesh gives all service providers gigabit backhaul and access applications at 12Gbps with its 60GHz mmWave access and backhaul.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #351c75;">5G Access Spectrum</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Assuming the objective is ubiquitous 5G and other services, India needs a different approach. Spectrum auctions will not get us there. We achieved a level in mobile telephony by adopting a reasonable revenue share on licensing around 2003 after NTP-99. The same needs to be done for spectrum.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">One proposed approach<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">2</span></sup></strong> suggests that as there are only three serious telecom operators, spectrum can be allocated equitably to all three without auctions. This seems reasonable, as the funds diverted to auctions could then be invested in networks, and collections from revenue sharing are likely to far exceed collections from auctions, as they did after NTP-99.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">3</span></sup></strong> The downside is that it would require the development of three networks, unless the operators share infrastructure. An alternative approach would be mandatory infrastructure sharing with one neutral host network, or two competing networks owned by different consortiums.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">If the authorities could take these points into consideration in improving the regulations, we are likely to have better outcomes in terms of networks, services, and the state of the sector.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 14px;"><i>S</i>hyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1)</strong> The City of London Case Study: <a href="https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks</a>; </em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2)</strong> Rajat Kathuria and Mansi Kedia: <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/columns-like-hers-belong-to-closer/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns</a>; </em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3)</strong> See Chart 2: Telecom Auction Fees Foregone vs Licence Fees + Spectrum Charges at: <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html</a></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-44082748874274078292022-04-07T12:46:00.005+05:302022-04-07T12:56:47.542+05:30Telecom Reforms: Reducing Self-Imposed Barriers<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjhYUEex1bCMo_5TNtEudKbmjPW0Cx2_mrmN7LW6SYcbOX6nfpRkrf87SJggcQlQanGBUa8yBZyXOk2QjHWEu8mXHsFAIiT29g18WhT2P3cvp5h1Wexad38UuCx2kQygi0sgp9_BG3FjbKOe0bd8lz1Swu27sMQqu5rt4H_OonNbqW9PEixU5HD0I86A/s303/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjhYUEex1bCMo_5TNtEudKbmjPW0Cx2_mrmN7LW6SYcbOX6nfpRkrf87SJggcQlQanGBUa8yBZyXOk2QjHWEu8mXHsFAIiT29g18WhT2P3cvp5h1Wexad38UuCx2kQygi0sgp9_BG3FjbKOe0bd8lz1Swu27sMQqu5rt4H_OonNbqW9PEixU5HD0I86A/s1600/Business%20Standard%20Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><p></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #351c75;">Less restrictive regulations with better process discipline could improve broadband reach and functionality.</span></i></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #800180;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a><span style="color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>| April 7, 2022 </span></h2><div><span style="color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Uncertainties with global supply chains are likely to persist even if geopolitical tensions ease in the coming months. With India’s dependence on energy imports of oil, gas, nuclear fuel, and materials such as cobalt, lithium and nickel for solar cells and batteries used in communications and information technology equipment and electric vehicles, we need to dedicate more focus and serious effort to fending for ourselves where possible over the longer term.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The ongoing processes of strategy formulation, execution and resource allocation necessarily involve trade-offs in choosing where and how to allocate time, capital, and human resources. In this context, advocates for services over manufacturing, or freewheeling opportunism, or those against performance-linked incentives (PLI) for manufacturing, may be glossing over the fact that our size and circumstances make for imperatives that could have been different if we were a smaller country, or at a different stage of development, but ultimately, only if it were a kinder and tidier world. Retaining a degree of autonomy requires a level of security in essentials, including in defence, food, and other areas. Our stage and state of development are also often overlooked, especially when commentators don’t tailor solutions to fit the context of our facts, including the culture/s, processes, and institutions, or the lack of them.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Two conditions in particular that hamper our capacity for enterprise and productivity need redress, besides social disharmony. One is an unsystematic approach, lacking goal-oriented, integrated planning and end-to-end execution. The second is regulatory constraints, often in the form of legacy holdovers that have not been reformulated to meet our present and anticipated requirements.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">An example of the consequence of unsystematic practices is stranded electricity generation projects, despite potential users without adequate power, because transmission and distribution have not been built into the project “solution” as a prerequisite. Another example is the state of our broadband and telecommunications services, where many users have unreliable or inadequate access, because end-use delivery has not been successfully configured. A third instance is our highways, for which impressive statistics contrast with the highly uneven experience in using some of them</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The open secret, of course, and the most difficult part, is to have a dedicated, end-to-end plan for projects, with the linkages thought through and provided for and executed in their entirety to achieve effective delivery without being distracted by new leads and schemes. Given the way technology linkages have developed, communications and information technology are key drivers for all technologies and infrastructure, as well as many aspects of superstructures. We sorely need pervasive, reliable, well-functioning networks. The criteria of good delivery and efficiency require policy reforms regarding the way spectrum is assigned, used, and paid for, how it is regulated for operator access, and how all network resources are optimally utilised for user benefit. That is the task, starting from where we are, with what we have.</p><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">For optimal service delivery, there are three aspects to the structure of our telecommunications requirements:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">- The core network or backbone and skeleton,</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">- The distribution to user clusters beyond, and</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">- End-user connectivity within clusters.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">At the first level, fibre networks are available in most urban and semi-urban centres, but in less than half of our <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gram sabhas</em> or village-cluster centres. The criterion to be ensured is network quality for delivery standards including up-time, not just nominal connections. Rural coverage perhaps needs to be tackled systematically in sections, with realistic time frames and budgets, unalloyed by electioneering grandstanding and exaggerated claims that emphasise announcements over delivery and performance.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The second level is the extension and distribution of links from existing fibre networks within cities, and to villages in each cluster. Given continuing difficulties in completing the BharatNet fibre network to the numerous village clusters that don’t have fibre connections, a possible way to bridge this gap may be to enable and use high-capacity wireless links. Policies facilitating the use of viable wireless means do not exist even as these could improve network reach and functionality. Appropriate changes could enable the use of spectrum bands such as 60 GHz and 70-80 GHz for point-to-point fronthaul, mid-haul and backhaul. Six GHz could be enabled for high-speed Wi-Fi. Financial viability could be evaluated using modelling and simulation exercises.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Perhaps wireless links up to several kilometres to <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">gram sabhas</em> also need to be considered in place of fibre which has not been possible to install for years on end. In more remote cases, the use of satellite links may be a necessary expense, with the likely availability of such links with recent changes in policies. The third level needs a combination of fixed and wireless end-of-middle-mile links, with cellular or Wi-Fi user access.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Given the legacy of colonial-era laws, a conscious, imaginative effort may be useful, such as the use of a negative list as in trade agreements of prohibited items, with the rest open to consideration by due process when sought by service providers. This would enable, for instance, industry representatives mooting the consideration of 12 GHz for Wi-Fi going forward, on the lines of developments in the US, the European Union, or the UK.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">For equipment and solutions, there is a product-and-services aspect for global as well as local markets that is much larger, which involves manufacturing and integrating services to deliver solutions. These avenues are closed off to our talent and enterprise because of our regulations. These regulations hamper us needlessly, forcing us to constrain ourselves in ways that other nations do not restrict their people. Enabling policies could remove these constraints, so that research, development and experimentation are facilitated for our vast talent pool. There is no other way in which we can hope for domestic production for local markets, for instance in wireless equipment, without prohibitive levels of imports.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">If we have rapid facilitation of controlled trials and testing by authorised industrial and academic institutions, active development and proliferation of devices would be possible here. This would enable the design, development, and production of solutions for local use, as well as for the much larger global markets, e.g., for 5G applications, for which there is no domestic market yet.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">_________________________________________________________</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Disclosure: The writer is associated with proposed wireless trials.</em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-12078102145816481812022-02-03T16:35:00.001+05:302022-02-03T16:38:33.887+05:30Winning Can Equal Settling For Less<h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDmAbTvbAbxXfftDtbsPjX6UZ0EC8sN6MF4LctkBrVvtqJKR2EA_xL_Vb8CxeW6IdaoGDVb4zlPxKmfP-VoayQFRTXFQ0_sHqJHpYhUuEyMW0Rjp18efRg9pmWnMT7yrfq4Mktua4o1fYMkB8NpkAGJs3WXAUQicLSLDkLlyB4s0uhZUXGJL9ryqqHJQ=s303" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDmAbTvbAbxXfftDtbsPjX6UZ0EC8sN6MF4LctkBrVvtqJKR2EA_xL_Vb8CxeW6IdaoGDVb4zlPxKmfP-VoayQFRTXFQ0_sHqJHpYhUuEyMW0Rjp18efRg9pmWnMT7yrfq4Mktua4o1fYMkB8NpkAGJs3WXAUQicLSLDkLlyB4s0uhZUXGJL9ryqqHJQ" width="303" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #674ea7;"><br /></span></i></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #674ea7;">An accommodative approach can provide greater gains.</span></i></h2><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Shyam Ponappa | February 3, 2022</span></div><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">My previous article “<a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2022/01/moving-beyond-zero-sum-approach.html" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Moving Beyond A Zero-Sum Approach</a>”<b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #4472c4; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">1</span></sup></b> dealt with how in most interactions, focusing on one’s own gains narrowly can lead to ignoring coordination, which then results in inferior gains. Coordinated solutions can be in the form of cooperation, collaboration, or accommodation. The reason is that while a situation may not have a win-lose (zero-sum) structure, if one party in seeking gains takes an approach as if it were win-lose, the areas for beneficial joint gains through collaboration or settlement are often ignored. This is likely to result in worse outcomes for all (a Nash Equilibrium in game theory). Conversely, if participants consider the interests of all parties and are willing to accommodate, the outcomes are likely to be better for all.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This can apply to battles of attrition as well. In resisting arbitral awards, it is a question of settling for a better outcome instead of being compelled to accept less/lose by seeking to enforce entitlements. It may be less damaging in our overall interests to seek a settlement, even if we believe we are right.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">A review by the government of its committed direction is warranted in some areas, taking stock of the facts afresh to decide what is best for us. One of these is resisting the arbitral awards to Devas, because this is a battle of attrition, and the risk of attachment and seizure of government-owned assets abroad will continue. The requirement is not on principles, of not relinquishing a position once taken, or of establishing whether or not there was fraud. It is the issue of continuing national waste of attention and time on resisting international awards, diverting these away from actual governance needs. The awards are there, and enforcement will be pursued. The reputational damage to India from attachments and seizures will continue, as will the waste of time and money on resistance, until there are diminishing returns for the claimants.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">In such situations, alternative strategies to be considered include possible accommodative responses. Should India resist claims indefinitely in these circumstances, considering the likely outcomes and the negative repercussions, especially to developing its manufacturing capabilities? Or should it consider possible ways to settle this matter for less than foreseeable costs, and shift its attention and energies to constructive activities in other areas?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The diagrams explain this graphically. Chart 1 (from my previous article <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</strong>) is the example of Company A acquiring a stake in Seller S for an alliance. Chart 2 highlights the potential for gain from a collaborative or accommodative/coordinated outcome, as explained below.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPdDKiFVcyF045NDb7K4W812dJkNVsE6zSsQliD2W20oTeifHL5k6wFU_klDH34JBLixovsW7nxo0ObgGr3Q9zEheEuaVwlXCfphi152NABU5cW-E0BhE_AQDv1KkGem7cIh5KzOxDiBnAN5K5pYx9NGzlobmoK2iff-IojPP3zCSuuUh-6E88EkK0_w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjPdDKiFVcyF045NDb7K4W812dJkNVsE6zSsQliD2W20oTeifHL5k6wFU_klDH34JBLixovsW7nxo0ObgGr3Q9zEheEuaVwlXCfphi152NABU5cW-E0BhE_AQDv1KkGem7cIh5KzOxDiBnAN5K5pYx9NGzlobmoK2iff-IojPP3zCSuuUh-6E88EkK0_w" width="195" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOHp-unBz-RHF4QbgDBanPEXFMOlUVz58QvJ2zSg6JYm2FLIRjtRwo3JQ7_11MxfawzVDiQsnzsRSGB_cwxNSYxOJqWpOgaMFrV9pBUQ2ajzOrX0M6cnju7-6iTMPvwKdKapuqbnmI9KYLLeY69BdpWZdYOPV-Egzgy1775h7mKUkmjuZdXjGJdzmosQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOHp-unBz-RHF4QbgDBanPEXFMOlUVz58QvJ2zSg6JYm2FLIRjtRwo3JQ7_11MxfawzVDiQsnzsRSGB_cwxNSYxOJqWpOgaMFrV9pBUQ2ajzOrX0M6cnju7-6iTMPvwKdKapuqbnmI9KYLLeY69BdpWZdYOPV-Egzgy1775h7mKUkmjuZdXjGJdzmosQ" width="194" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The potential for gain is in the shaded area between the “bliss points” and the lowest achievable benefits, comprising: (a) S1, the Seller’s desired highest price for selling a lower stake;( b) A1, the Acquirer’s desired lowest price for the highest stake; and (c) N, the lowest achievable outcome.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The minimum-gains for both are at the origin at N, the Nash Equilibrium, which is the likely result if both sides pursue their respective interests to the exclusion of the other’s. However, if both consider mutual benefits through collective gains, both will gain as they move away from N towards the contract curve S1 to A1. The gains are maximised at any point on the contract curve.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">For the arbitral awards, the ideal requirement is for an accommodative agreement on an amount or arrangement that leaves both sides better off, rather than litigating indefinitely, having already been contending for the last 10 years.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Telecom As Infrastructure</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">A second area that deserves recall is the The National Telecom Policy-1999 (NTP-99). Briefly, in 1994, regulations required telcos to bid for licences. Most won with high bids, some had to forego their licences, and all were stuck with no cash flows to pay licence fees. Cash flow constraints limited their networks and the ability to lower tariffs to attract customers. Based on an accommodative consultation between the government, the telcos, banks, and other experts, and thereafter the public, a revenue-sharing arrangement was introduced for licence fees. It was faulted for being prepared without Parliamentary debate, and for its lack of transparency, with some people charging that it was a sell-out to telcos<a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/telcos" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">.</a> Initially, the revenue share was set too high until 2003, when a lower percentage share and reduced charges stimulated enormous growth and proliferation in mobile services, until 2011. At that point, the 2G scam broke the trend, followed by retrospective adjusted gross revenue demands, and it hasn’t recovered since.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">In terms of process, the government initiated a coordinated arrangement in consultation with the <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/telcos" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">telcos </a>and other industry representatives and experts, and then with the public. The outcome after some years, after initial missteps because of overcharging by the government, was a remarkable success.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This is the process that deserves consideration, with improvements such as for Parliamentary consultation followed by public consultation at the appropriate time, and legal and regulatory inputs. It is in lieu of the committed course of extracting cash from telcos through auctions, while expecting them to make massive investments to provide state-of-the-art services.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">An objective consultation and design process by a multi-disciplinary group led by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology is required, with coordination through the Prime Minister’s Office as for NTP-99 drawing on other government departments, industry and experts, with assistance from behavioural science facilitators for work-outs. The scope to be covered is everything from network infrastructure, spectrum, and new technologies, with a systems approach using objectives-oriented process design.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Ideally, apart from techno-economic, civil administration and managerial aspects, behavioural science inputs to assist groups in addressing inter-departmental resolution for overall gains needs to be made a part of the consultation process.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Adopting an approach geared towards the benefit of society shifts the focus away from the adversarial, competitive perspective of fixating on defensive strategies that result in least gains, and opens up to greater benefits through group effort. This is what we should be aiming for to improve communications infrastructure.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">shyamponappa@gmail.com</em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">:</span> <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2022/01/moving-beyond-zero-sum-approach.html" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2022/01/moving-beyond-zero-sum-approach.html</em></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">2: <span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">GE's Work-Out Process</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Unlike conventional methods of teaming, whereby problem-solving
or “task” teams meet for short periods over several weeks or even months, the
heart of General Electric Work-Out is its efficient, focused, multiple-day work
sessions. These are carefully designed and closely facilitated by one or
more of our GE Work-Out-experienced Senior Associates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><a href="https://thinkgagnonassociates.com/core-capabilities/ge-work-out"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://thinkgagnonassociates.com/core-capabilities/ge-work-out</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Gagnon Associates did the first workouts for/with Jack Welch at
GE. </span></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-78063878765853634782022-01-06T15:09:00.015+05:302022-01-06T15:34:23.037+05:30Moving Beyond A Zero-Sum Approach<h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhpG23v2Vxf0ef1I7B_nTQUK1IMqqX4y-8364TxlFCvOIaStxMCnCJkuYJM9SfDNOM6zeVqyAfq48D7b2Xg3-ZTJcYXySN0QEAkPotnzCEqzMXr_wjchOTgckFLStrVnkmC66coX57-4PrZ-krPXE618cUf9b0li1qLPq9vAUG-UVjZwctqVTMkYBobGQ=s303" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhpG23v2Vxf0ef1I7B_nTQUK1IMqqX4y-8364TxlFCvOIaStxMCnCJkuYJM9SfDNOM6zeVqyAfq48D7b2Xg3-ZTJcYXySN0QEAkPotnzCEqzMXr_wjchOTgckFLStrVnkmC66coX57-4PrZ-krPXE618cUf9b0li1qLPq9vAUG-UVjZwctqVTMkYBobGQ" width="303" /></a></div><span style="color: #741b47;"><br /></span></i></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">In many situations, acting for oneself as well as the group gets the best results.</span></i></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Shyam Ponappa | January 6, 2022</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The start of the year is a good time to consider getting past fractiousness. For this purpose, insights and concepts from Game Theory when applied to most interactions in daily living are truly astounding. One major insight is that barring conflict and competitive games and sports, in recurring, purposeful interactions between people and entities, the interests of parties dealing with one another are often not diametrically opposed, even when there is competition between them. The implication is that one party’s gain in an interaction need not be entirely at the other’s cost. These are the non-zero-sum situations that lend themselves to cooperation and collaboration. In these circumstances, the best outcomes arise when parties do what is best for themselves as well as the group. Paradoxically, if parties act only in their own interests, ignoring the potential for collective gains, the outcomes often are short of optimal. Whereas if parties cooperate and collaborate in a convergent way, optimal outcomes are possible.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The difficulty is that this philosophy is apparently at odds with our processes and practices in politics, governance, and <span style="background-color: white;">administration, which seem to emphasise dissension, divisiveness, and factionalism. This appears to </span><span style="background-color: white;">be true to some extent in civil society. Is it possible to have these dichotomous approaches flourish simultaneously in any society? Perhaps not. Yet, for galvanising major change, the convergence of society and a transformation towards cooperative and collaborative culture are imperative.</span></p><p><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Non-Zero-Sum Situations & Potential For Gains</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This concept is usually presented as numbers in tables with rows and columns and associated mathematical formulas as shown in Chart 1, </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjFLWznpO3B1ThSk3mnDpwByR1dCYYk6Vf2RqkNqLzesLg5mzi2qb7gyZjuIR7j5XNfhtnLtk2TYSy8TmIqp4tVgnKcB4EeE0lFsHwUGDU4q98g6Q2cM5mANITpaBdJLCGIHs9Qn-tjRSk/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjFLWznpO3B1ThSk3mnDpwByR1dCYYk6Vf2RqkNqLzesLg5mzi2qb7gyZjuIR7j5XNfhtnLtk2TYSy8TmIqp4tVgnKcB4EeE0lFsHwUGDU4q98g6Q2cM5mANITpaBdJLCGIHs9Qn-tjRSk/" width="294" /></a></div><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_game">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_game</a></span><br /><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">For formulas: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory" style="background-color: transparent;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory</a></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">but it can also be presented graphically as in Chart 2. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Chart 2</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYKaqkGBfhmSmVTR0vFDZLTQiJACVYGjV0bcumqTwegmjK17UVDtq5CfeC0Q2SX0m0ShrppVErQdnCSDXszmXCULBbN3zNtcBH-5iC0UZo2aYm-6v5enKyPFn7SGya0GEwjBhMAlzPS12/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="596" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYKaqkGBfhmSmVTR0vFDZLTQiJACVYGjV0bcumqTwegmjK17UVDtq5CfeC0Q2SX0m0ShrppVErQdnCSDXszmXCULBbN3zNtcBH-5iC0UZo2aYm-6v5enKyPFn7SGya0GEwjBhMAlzPS12/w475-h343/image.png" width="475" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Visual representations are sometimes more intuitively understandable. Take for example, corporate acquisition with cooperation and coordination. Consider two companies with complementary strengths, negotiating for one to acquire a stake in the other. The example could be of a manufacturer buying a stake in a supplier for existing or new markets, or diversifying into a new market. The Acquirer A in <em style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">Chart 2</em> wishes to pay no more than a reasonable price, shown as a reduction in the asking price as one moves to the right on the horizontal axis. The Seller S wishes to limit the percentage stake sold along the vertical axis with its relinquishment of control, while obtaining a sizeable investment to enhance its capacity. If both sides stick to their “indicated” and “offered” prices at or near the origin, N, the transaction would mean a low investment for a low stake, which would be least beneficial for both. Neither party can improve its position independently from this low-value equilibrium, known as the Nash or Non-Cooperative Equilibrium.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Goal: Stable Cooperative Equilibrium</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Any point on the chart towards the right or the top gives both higher gains, although only some will be acceptable to both. The Acquirer gains with less reduction in acquired shares (lower on the vertical axis) for a given investment. Its responses are shown on the line NA (A’s “response function”) extending to the top right. The Acquirer’s preferred price is at the point labelled Acquirer’s Bliss Point. The Seller gains as the stake sold for that price is reduced, up to its ideal Bliss Point, shown on its response function NS. Indifference curves radiate from each Bliss Point, and the points where these curves touch each other (are tangential) represent acceptable settlement points. The line through these points is the acceptable Contract Curve, and the actual settlement point on this curve depends on the negotiation. Any settlement point gives the Acquirer a higher price cut than at N, while the Seller gives up less shares than at N. Both gain.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This is all nice and utopian, but is it of any practical use? The chart shows that objective analysis can highlight the potential for better payoffs, whereas efforts to maximise selfish gains while ignoring common interests results in the lowest payoffs (Nash Equilibrium). That is, in non-zero-sum situations, if players cooperate, any coordinated settlement will be better for both than the Nash Equilibrium. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Game Theory has its limitations, of course, and some question its basic legitimacy because of assumptions not related to this example, such as rational decision-making, with complete knowledge and understanding. For practical applications in group functioning and processes, however, its principles and concepts relating to cooperation are invaluable. There are also a number of other real-world applications, such as for matching medical residents with hospitals in the USA through the National Resident Matching Program,<b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup></b> shared railway infrastructure costs in Europe, or the brilliant Spliddit.org not-for-profit portal, for apps to help users allocate costs or profits in instances such as sharing rent, fares, credit, goods, and tasks. The benefits of collective action begin with cooperation, or acting with others in one’s own interests. It extends with collaboration, or acting with others on collective goals.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">These simple principles can be learned through methods in experiential learning, which employ cooperation and collaborative learning methods. They can be grasped and internalised by young children as well as by adults.<b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></sup></b> In this sense, this approach can be facilitated throughout people’s lifetimes. While it is undoubtedly beneficial to learn these in early childhood, people can be introduced to it later, in college or at work, and still learn and apply it well. Given its potential for a cultural transformation, it needs national and state championing through dedicated effort, and a curriculum to inculcate these practices in everyone, from early kindergarten to high-school and beyond, through college and Continuing Education at work and in life.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Without transforming society from a neutral or contentious to a collaborative stance, expecting public-private-partnerships to work is unrealistic. Communications systems enable widespread introduction of these changes, with relevant skilling and training as never before. The question is whether we can step up to the opportunity.</p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span><i> National Resident Matching Program, USA: </i><a href="https://www.nrmp.org/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-style: italic; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nrmp.org</a><i>; </i></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Railways Infrastructure – Europe: <a href="http://dm.udc.es/profesores/ignacio/gptren160499.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://dm.udc.es/profesores/ignacio/gptren160499.pdf</a>; </em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cost or profit allocation for rent, fares, credit, goods, and tasks: <a href="http://www.spliddit.org/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.spliddit.org/</a></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">2. Collaborative Experiential Learning - Indicative Article: </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327527752_New_Methods_for_Collaborative_Experiential_Learning_to_Provide_Personalised_Formative_Assessment" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327527752_New_Methods_for_Collaborative_Experiential_Learning_to_Provide_Personalised_Formative_Assessment</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-76434517088816905262021-12-04T09:42:00.054+05:302022-01-06T19:38:37.899+05:304G, 5G, or 6G - All Need Wireless Backhaul<p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><i><span style="color: #800180;">A rose is a rose - or is there one that is sweeter?</span></i></span></p><p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #351c75;">Shyam Ponappa | </span></span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #741b47;">December 2, 2021</span></span></p><p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Calling our networks 4G, 5G, or 6G makes little difference. What matters is service delivery to users. Once there is connectivity, the criteria for judging a network are speed, capacity, and latency (lag in response time). Our 4G experience is far short on these measures. Improvements are possible if our government proceeds on the basis of (a) objective assessment, and (b) concerted action on systematic, realistic, and phased plans and execution. The starting point is a factual assessment of our networks and service delivery compared with the rest of the world. The next steps are to frame policies and regulations to enable the better use of available resources for service delivery, without irrational hurdles.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">An aspect of telecom not obvious to users is the reality of layered technologies that exist even in advanced environments. For instance, a country with excellent mobile services such as Norway has achieved among the fastest average speeds of over 50 Mbps with continued investment in 4G networks. 4G has evolved considerably and provides the core network, except for Standalone 5G networks. 4G has latency down to two-digit milliseconds, and speeds comparable to 5G in the lower user bands (below 6 GHz). High-frequency 5G provides faster user access on 4G platforms.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Realistically, we should plan for a mix of technologies going forward as 4G continues to evolve over the next decade. However, we need policies that result in full 4G coverage of good quality, not merely indulgent talk. Also, while 3G is being phased out because of its less efficient use of spectrum, it will take years to transition fully to 4G and beyond because of the cost and scale. In Europe, for example, even 2G is to continue until 2025 for certain applications.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">What are the policies that can give us improved services? A good place to start is the Parliamentary Committee report tabled in February titled, “India’s Preparedness for 5G”.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">1</span></sup></strong> </strong>Its main findings are that while 59 countries had deployed 5G, though largely on a limited scale, India had not done so. No 5G trials had been permitted as of January, and sufficient preparatory work had not been done. The challenges highlighted are:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Inadequate spectrum, with only 50 MHz per operator, half the global average. For 4G, average spectrum per operator was even less, at a quarter of the global average.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Exorbitant spectrum prices.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Insufficient development of 5G use cases.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Low fibre network availability.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Deficient backhaul capacity.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The report emphasises the need for heavy investment to develop fibre networks, including for backhaul, and then deals with other aspects such as investments and local manufacturing.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Fibre does indeed provide the best connectivity. While highly desirable, it <i>is</i> the gold standard, and often prohibitively expensive. Fibre connections to towers are ordinarily justifiable only when financially viable. Second, small cells have to proliferate for 4G, 5G, and 6G, with wireless or fibre links (backhaul) to networks and Wi-Fi user access. The question is whether aiming for full or even substantial fibre connectivity to towers and small cells is realistic, compared with alternatives and technology trends.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Interestingly, the GSM Association published two reports addressing this in February 2021. The first was a study on backhaul in 40 countries titled, “Wireless Backhaul Evolution: Delivering next generation connectivity”.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">2</span></sup></strong> </strong>The second was on the spectrum required for this titled, “Spectrum for Wireless Backhaul: GSMA Public Policy Position”.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">3</span></sup></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The first report indicates that 5G’s growing traffic and network capabilities will need massive augmentation of backhaul capacity through evolution. Wireless links are estimated to constitute 65 per cent of global backhaul links between 2021 and 2027, evolving to higher frequencies with wider channels, with regulators’ decisions helping or hindering specific 5G markets. The E-band (70-80 GHz) is expected to dominate wireless backhaul from 2021 to 2027. Many countries are also using V-band (60 GHz) delicensed for Wi-Fi. Even countries with high levels of fibre such as Japan and South Korea are using E and V bands for backhaul. Shouldn’t we do this, too? (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">See chart</em>)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial;">Chart: <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt;">Full
4G + Some 5G with V-Band and E-Band</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT57Wo1Bjujrm-X-Or6m_tsj6iPsqMFo6qHO0tYPlHO4sOUJfEVj1lT5BfESaef1fWAR2BBSC0FP1siBdwwyZYUTcJL2t75A9n0gr1rDxuT6s3HVD2RYwRWJKYRM_qEtke67XKNUeKOu3h/" style="font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="814" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT57Wo1Bjujrm-X-Or6m_tsj6iPsqMFo6qHO0tYPlHO4sOUJfEVj1lT5BfESaef1fWAR2BBSC0FP1siBdwwyZYUTcJL2t75A9n0gr1rDxuT6s3HVD2RYwRWJKYRM_qEtke67XKNUeKOu3h/w456-h232/image.png" width="456" /></a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>India has many urban and rural sites where fibre is infeasible, because of factors such as congestion, distance, terrain, dispersed users, and limited commercial potential. Wireless backhaul can fill in where fibre is not accessible or affordable, although evolution to higher, wider bands will be necessary. Meanwhile, wireless V and E bands are now reasonable alternatives for distances of about 1 km, and 3-4 km or more, with the disadvantage of rain attenuation. The GSMA report suggests this could be mitigated with carrier aggregation (combining) of E-band with lower bands (such as 15, 18 or 23 GHz) to provide 10 Gbps links for up to 10 km.<p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #800180;">Active Network Sharing</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Regulators worldwide are considering or pursuing the substantial benefits of active network sharing for enhanced coverage, reduced costs, and faster deployment. A McKinsey report in 2018 cited network sharing becoming a standard model for mobile operators, with a reduction in the total cost of ownership by 30 per cent, while improving network quality.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">4</span></sup></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #800180;">Steps for Consideration</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Formulate policies, laws and regulations for the following, with mandated spectrum/network sharing, paid for by reasonable revenue share (2-3 per cent) after a moratorium of 3-5 years (no auctions). Cap profits, and penalise diversion of revenues/profits.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.</strong> Small cells: For Wi-Fi user access, V-band lower range and 6 GHz (using FCC model, as done for 5 GHz). Consider 12 GHz for Wi-Fi next.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.</strong> Wireless backhaul, small cells/towers: V-band upper range and E-band, with light-licensed sharing among telcos for connecting to networks.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px;">3.</strong><span style="font-size: 15px;"> Private networks, small cells and backhaul: V-band </span><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">light-licensed</span>*</span><span style="font-size: 15px;"> for private networks, with public network connection through licensed telcos.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">* After reconsideration </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 15px;">December 4, 2021</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 15px;">: "V-band allowed in private spaces for private networks and extensions, with public network connection through licensed telcos."</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4. </strong>Active network sharing: Consider enabling or mandating active sharing of all elements of networks to speed up deployment, reduce clutter and radiation, and for efficient capital investment.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Orchestration and coordination across government departments and consultation with industry, as for NTP-99, to ensure better outcomes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa @ gmail dot com</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">1</span><em style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">. </em><a href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/799780/1/17_Information_Technology_21.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/799780/1/17_Information_Technology_21.pdf</em></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. <a href="https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wireless-backhaul-spectrum.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wireless-backhaul-spectrum.pdf</a></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">3. <a href="https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wireless-backhaul-spectrum-positions.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/wireless-backhaul-spectrum-positions.pdf</a></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">4. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/technology-media-and-telecommunications/our-insights/network-sharing-and-5g-a-turning-point-for-lone-riders" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/technology-media-and-telecommunications/our-insights/network-sharing-and-5g-a-turning-point-for-lone-riders</a></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-70712591314230431662021-10-08T12:54:00.000+05:302021-10-08T12:54:43.889+05:30Telecom Reforms: Relief - With Hope?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil32X160NenDP_ODsqO1GQQV0jTI-Px_pBcp1xE3KqPfBm3Rc7Y19uCo0RrX06ipv0vDr19x2DLfU35wirsmmWeRnbwZXhTiCY3Hia77_26B_pNK5Jf3gLrXCgXXCNS2h8VTjb8UtQIrCM/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil32X160NenDP_ODsqO1GQQV0jTI-Px_pBcp1xE3KqPfBm3Rc7Y19uCo0RrX06ipv0vDr19x2DLfU35wirsmmWeRnbwZXhTiCY3Hia77_26B_pNK5Jf3gLrXCgXXCNS2h8VTjb8UtQIrCM/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><i style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">This could be a good first step towards a real transformation.</span></i></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #800180;"> Shyam Ponappa | October 7, 2021</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At first glance, the big-bang telecom relief package last month might seem disappointing. A closer look shows the possibility of real promise. Could it be a subtle masterstroke, the first in a series of steps that will revive the sector? Here’s why.</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">By not fully resolving the debt burden to result in sustainable cash flows, it gives the impression of a grudging debt-restructuring that doesn’t quite revive the patient, while prolonging the agony.<br /><br /></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, it provides immediate relief with a four-year moratorium on cash outflows.<br /><br /></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An issue that defied resolution since 2003, of what constitutes revenues for sharing, has been defined rationally as revenues from telecom.<br /><br /></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The spectrum usage charge has been rescinded.<br /><br /></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Solutions for revival are to be worked out as next steps.<br /><br /></span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Although the last three are prospective, telcos get immediate relief without awaiting the formulation of complex solutions. The relief is temporary though, as outstanding dues must be paid with interest. Unless much more is done, there will be a prolonged attrition, with high opportunity costs from the continuing non-availability of services that severely constrain our capacity and productivity.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Meanwhile, another significant reform was introduced unobtrusively: Active network sharing. Blocking active sharing amounts to depriving the country of full utilisation of capital-intensive resources. Imagine having separate private road systems, or gas pipelines, and insisting that vehicles (or gas) must go from place to place only on their own networks. This was the situation in telecom until interconnection was made mandatory, but the latter did not eliminate network duplication, whereas active network sharing allows for eliminating it.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Thereafter, news that the government may change its position on spectrum charges due suggests more pragmatism. If the above interpretation is correct, the subtlety and quick action while avoiding opposition by not seeming to give away too much augur well.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For transformative reforms and a genuine revival, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology could take the approach that worked reasonably well for NTP-99, with coordinated planning and initiatives through the PMO across ministries and corporations, and external advice as appropriate. While it was not perfect, the NTP-99’s adoption of revenue sharing succeeded in expanding mobile telephony enormously. Learning from that experience in handling the details may help to avoid situations such as the legal wrangles on the scope of revenues, and the false starts. For instance, the government’s share was set too high initially at 15 per cent, and thereafter, spectrum auctions after the “2G scam” crippled the sector because of the “winner’s curse”, as auctions did in much of the world. We had best avoid such situations.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">Wi-Fi Small Cells</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The ongoing evolution to small cells amplifies the need for sharing. Mobile handoff to Wi-Fi is already the norm for 4G. Ubiquitous 4G networks and later upgrade to 5G and 6G will require the installation of many more small cells, with Wi-Fi for high-speed user access. These could augment existing Wi-Fi bands (2.4 and 5 GHz) with 6 GHz and 60 GHz when these bands are permitted. Proliferation of small cells will be more feasible because of lower costs and easier installation with wireless point-to-point links instead of fibre, and mandatory sharing. “Wireless fibre” links could use light-licensed (open access to licensed service providers for connecting to the internet) spectrum in the 60 GHz (V-band) and 70-80 GHz (E-band). Gigabit delivery at far lower cost than fibre could be deployed across urban, semi-urban, and rural markets.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Small cells for users need to be built out with “wireless fibre” links from where fibre terminates in much of the country, in urban as well as rural areas. An alternative depending on costs is satellite links to small cells. In effect, the need is for the national fibre network, BharatNet, to be extended to non-urban users outside district and block headquarters. Small cells funded by the Universal Service Obligation Fund combined with the BSNL’s and other installed networks could fulfill this need, with service providers given non-discriminatory access on payment through revenue sharing. A consortium approach with private sector leads could be considered.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">Shared Spectrum & Infrastructure</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A burdensome remaining constraint for network proliferation is licensed spectrum costs. Yet, the alternative of giving access to a spectrum pool without auctions for a share of revenues would probably result in much higher government revenues, as happened with licence fees after NTP-99 (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">see charts</em>).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chart 1: Operator Revenues ($ Billion)</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJau7s9vHc9Zcn2bAKGh9b9SwTYf6sCDNZfaRhPJQZYZp36zBGG8H67xtgYYSbGxEPT15rBYDEmrvdC-aHJy3WrIIfVqHWmqhZLRZmdiP3q22CvsyqPoLSO1l-t81Pr6k42Op7Nukw72q/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="546" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJau7s9vHc9Zcn2bAKGh9b9SwTYf6sCDNZfaRhPJQZYZp36zBGG8H67xtgYYSbGxEPT15rBYDEmrvdC-aHJy3WrIIfVqHWmqhZLRZmdiP3q22CvsyqPoLSO1l-t81Pr6k42Op7Nukw72q/w491-h236/image.png" width="491" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://www.ibef.org/download/Telecommunications-June-2020.pdf">https://www.ibef.org/download/Telecommunications-June-2020.pdf</a></span></p><p></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chart 2: Revenue Share Collections Exceed Auction
Payments After NTP-99</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Telecom Auction Fees Foregone vs Licence Fees + Spectrum Charges</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEmlQH_XKmZic3sL3lxh05vPH6pBR2uHNKvrtCHZCjOt-CQmYGgMnUlgGkF4uyjbY_CSrHR7b3Thi9NCWxV-I40o1KFeNX_IsMHi8k_2W6iIZ8n0JvwGvhdssWXzMzYO9CPafDYvb94nmh/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="505" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEmlQH_XKmZic3sL3lxh05vPH6pBR2uHNKvrtCHZCjOt-CQmYGgMnUlgGkF4uyjbY_CSrHR7b3Thi9NCWxV-I40o1KFeNX_IsMHi8k_2W6iIZ8n0JvwGvhdssWXzMzYO9CPafDYvb94nmh/w524-h274/image.png" width="524" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For explanation, see: <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Shared access by licensed telcos to pooled spectrum will enable broadband for more areas and people, with full utilisation of unused spectrum greatly increasing traffic and revenues. The DoT needs to start with regulations for spectrum bands in 60 GHz, 70-80 GHz, and 6 GHz. Thereafter, regulations could be considered for shared spectrum without auctions. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</strong></em></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Debt Resolution for Cash Flows</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An immediate priority for the sector is sustainable cash flows. The burden of adjusted gross revenue (AGR) and spectrum usage dues arose from misconceived policy errors, by efforts to include unrelated revenues, and overcharging for spectrum. Debt restructuring customarily involves elements such as reduced principal (“haircuts”), interest waivers, and extension of repayment periods, to enable sustainable cash flows. Much of the principal for AGR dues was created by including revenues unrelated to the licences to be paid for, an error corrected going forward. Past licence-related revenues would be much less, and favourable judgments prior to 2019 upheld this. The interest component in AGR dues is about three times the principal. The government could justifiably adopt policies to reduce most or all outstandings with this reasoning, as also consideration of the effort, cost and hardship endured by service providers, their employees, and the public for service deprivation of the critical support that broadband can/could have provide/(d). Further, this would also facilitate investment for better services.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #800180; font-family: verdana;">Corrective Policies, Laws, Regulations</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A participative process on these issues starting with debt resolution could be used to frame policies going forward, including the requisite legislation and regulations. The above measures can revive and invigorate our telecom sector.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</strong>: See “</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Enable Spectrum Usage on Feasible Terms</span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">” at: </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/03/indias-self-goal-in-telecom.html">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/03/indias-self-goal-in-telecom.html</a></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><br /></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-52603446666611361422021-08-24T12:34:00.000+05:302021-08-24T12:34:13.782+05:30Telcos Need Three More Bold Decisions<div class="last-update mT10" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 10px !important;"><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK1OzVZd40I5GwzBB2pe15PgNUbtUjlb9ODZLBLxwPreYOB3uovBOoDAOOx5DbkCRc7g3LsDayzd9_eirwOrOINga8o6lwEvFF05Dm4J_JRUzBCeoNK87q8CH2glHKmuNpkbSypkqJtrBM/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK1OzVZd40I5GwzBB2pe15PgNUbtUjlb9ODZLBLxwPreYOB3uovBOoDAOOx5DbkCRc7g3LsDayzd9_eirwOrOINga8o6lwEvFF05Dm4J_JRUzBCeoNK87q8CH2glHKmuNpkbSypkqJtrBM/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div></span></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;"><i>Users and service providers are swimming against the tide even after the abolition of retro tax.</i></span></h2><p class="fL" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #646464; float: left; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span content="2021-08-23" itemprop="datePublished" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;"></span><span content="2021-08-23" itemprop="datePublished" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;"><br /></span><span content="2021-08-23" itemprop="datePublished" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;"><br /></span><span content="2021-08-23" itemprop="datePublished" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;">Shyam Ponappa | August 24, 2021</span></p></div><div class="last-update mT10" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 10px !important;"><p class="fL" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #646464; float: left; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span content="2021-08-23" itemprop="datePublished" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block;"><br /></span></p></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Undoing the <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-retrospective-tax" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">retrospective tax </a>amendment affecting Vodafone Group and Cairn Energy among others was an excellent move, and proves what the government can do. In this spirit, two more shackles must go for us to fully exploit telecom and digitisation:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">a)</strong> Adjusted gross revenues (AGR) for <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/telecom-operators" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">telecom operators </a>need to be defined rationally as licence-related revenues by policy and legislation.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">b) </strong>Spectrum allocation and pricing need a complete revamp. Appropriate policy and legislation can enable spectrum use as a resource for the common good, paid for by a share of revenues for usage instead of auctions. This will make spectrum costs an operating expense, and will not require enterprises to make up-front capital investments, as with other resources: Electricity, water, and leased land.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Like the retro tax, these self-imposed constraints have restricted telecom and digitisation support, limiting our capacity. It is like swimming against the current, whereas policy changes can remove these limitations, enabling service providers and users to swim with the current. Removing all three would do that, putting India’s telecom and broadband into a much higher trajectory in realising our overall potential.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The government must frame policies for the public interest in communications and digitisation in a fair, transparent way, to break out of the absurd situation of pricing spectrum at five times the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations, whose per capita income is 15-20 times higher. This will help us resolve the contradictions of the lowest-priced broadband with the highest cost structure, and atrocious service quality.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Policies to Clear Impediments</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">AGR: The overreach in the AGR definition is a self-created obstacle. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) left the term undefined in the licence agreements in 1999. It was to be defined with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India’s (Trai’s) recommendation, but when finalising licence agreements in 2002, the DoT ignored the recommendation that AGR should include only revenues from cellular mobile services. The operators’ appeal before the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) in 2003 was upheld in 2006; the DoT appealed in the Supreme Court. The SC refused to intervene, but ruled that the DoT could pursue its concerns with the <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/tdsat" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">TDSAT.</a> The <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/tdsat" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">TDSAT </a>in August 2007 accepted most of the recommendations made by Trai. And so it went, with many disputes and appeals by the UPA as well as the NDA governments, until a <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/tdsat" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">TDSAT </a>judgment in 2015 overturned previous TDSAT orders, excluding only capital receipts. Later, an SC judgment in 2019 even included capital receipts.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">1</span></span></sup></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The following instances illustrate the absurd claims, contradictions, and orders:<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The government had informed the SC in a hearing in 2011 that non-telecom revenues were not to be included in the AGR.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">2</span></span></sup></strong> </strong>Yet, the TDSAT judgment of 2015 citing this statement ruled exactly the opposite, excluding only capital transactions.<br /><br /></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">The SC’s judgment of October 24, 2019, dismissed the Trai and TDSAT recommendations of 2006 and 2007, and extended the definition of AGR to all non-telecom revenues. Previously, various courts had reportedly set aside such claims in 2006, 2007, 2011, and 2015.<strong><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">3</span></span></sup></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /><br /></strong></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Thereafter, in what appears as inappropriate discrimination in the absence of explicit policies, the SC in 2019 excluded public sector dues amounting to Rs 2.7 trillion from GAIL, Oil India, Power Grid, and so on. Expressing outrage at such demands on PSUs, the SC insisted that private operators must pay their dues of Rs 1.47 trillion. No wonder the DoT and the rest of the government seem confused, because like the retro tax amendment, these actions appear to be arbitrary.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Therefore, the government must frame a policy definition for AGR informed by Trai recommendations that is rational, in the public interest for better communications, fair, non-discriminatory between state-owned and privately-owned companies, and transparent. This will satisfy the SC condition of due process according to government policies.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #741b47;">Spectrum Allocation & Pricing</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Current technology favours giving operators shared use of spectrum and networks across all technologies, because coverage and capacity increase at lower cost. Yet, because wireless communications evolved from a time when mitigating interference was the primary technological concern, the method adopted was of exclusive spectrum assignment (“allocation” in common parlance) of distinct bands to each operator. This method, initially a technological necessity, then became the customary practice because governments in many countries sought high fees from spectrum auctions. Many countries suffered as this burden led to the collapse of the sector for a decade.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">4</span></span></sup></strong> India was one of these, because the meteoric rise of our mobile telephony stalled, and is now so shoddy. The damage is pervasive, because of inadequate communications infrastructure that affects many areas, such as energy and water management, education and skilling, healthcare, and productivity across sectors —commerce, transportation, hospitality and tourism, manufacturing, agriculture— and in mitigating environmental impact.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Technology needs wider swathes of spectrum for high data throughput. It is also able to manage interference much better. We cannot have effective coverage without better wireless access networks. As we move towards 5G and beyond, the emphasis on wireless communications will increase. This can happen through sharing of spectrum and facilities among operators, which will likely be the norm in 5G and 6G, providing a high multiplier to network usage, while considerably reducing capital investment needs countrywide.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The government has to frame policies that help to do this, by removing obstacles such as retro taxes, AGR, and capital expenditure on spectrum. Replacing an extortionary approach to the communications sector with a constructive emphasis on infrastructure support will get us there, as well as enhance government revenues.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">5</span></span></sup></strong> Policies can be framed to help achieve better health, education, skilling, productivity, and living conditions. The major changes of using spectrum as a shared resource with payment for usage through a share of revenues, in combination with undoing retro taxes and AGR, are the required steps. There are different ways to do this, and the government needs to steer the process through consultations to an acceptable way for us to move forward with 4G, 5G and beyond, for effective communications and digitisation.</p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">1: <a href="https://www.theleaflet.in/agr-order-a-case-of-subjective-judicial-overreach/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.theleaflet.in/agr-order-a-case-of-subjective-judicial-overreach/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">2: <a href="https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/TDSAT%20Judgment%2023-04-2015.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/TDSAT%20Judgment%2023-04-2015.pdf</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">3: <a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/why-isnt-govt-at-sc-on-agr-ruling-threatening-of-telcos-like-airtel-vodafone-idea/1775075/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/why-isnt-govt-at-sc-on-agr-ruling-threatening-of-telcos-like-airtel-vodafone-idea/1775075/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">4: <a href="https://organizingindia.blogspot.com/2011/02/spectrum-auctions-jhatka-or-halal.html" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://organizingindia.blogspot.com/2011/02/spectrum-auctions-jhatka-or-halal.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">5: <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2020/08/configuring-indias-digital-ecosystem.html</a></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-84735147363928812482021-08-06T07:27:00.000+05:302021-08-06T07:27:02.020+05:30Arbitration Awards And The Public Interest<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm3kMaCybmT3bgbqUME6NFdFV5jBzjbgv7j2XztOjgePJCWYx4mUl-tPH824xm3yEMhSlgzVO7l-CU3P-9u_EKBSXbLZGzaokjCflKt1h8mDrJyvotvKTCLTu9_BWfP-HcyYOSlaiYjEXo/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm3kMaCybmT3bgbqUME6NFdFV5jBzjbgv7j2XztOjgePJCWYx4mUl-tPH824xm3yEMhSlgzVO7l-CU3P-9u_EKBSXbLZGzaokjCflKt1h8mDrJyvotvKTCLTu9_BWfP-HcyYOSlaiYjEXo/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><p></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">An objective, analytical approach to pursuing or resisting claims and arbitration awards is advisable.</span></i></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a><span style="color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> | </span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">August 5, 2021</span></h2><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The arbitration awards against India’s retroactive tax claims now pose a serious threat. Cairn Energy has a freeze order on Indian government assets in Paris, and similar developments are possible in the US from actions by Cairn and Devas Multimedia. Are there ways to mitigate these threats and reputational damage? Objective analysis of the facts is advisable before deciding the balance of interest in choosing to continue as before, or to consider changes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The issues go beyond the legitimacy of awards and India’s sovereign rights, to India’s exposure and its commercial implications. The country’s rights are not being questioned; the scrutiny is of fair and equitable treatment under investment treaties, and changes in agreed terms. The choice is to continue as before and take the consequences, or to undertake an informed, objective analysis of likely costs and benefits of resisting or accepting awards before deciding what to do in our interests. The options are to litigate endlessly, or accept awards, or to negotiate acceptable settlements. Resolution would enable reallocation of our energies — our political, administrative, and judicial resources, and society’s productive capacity and mind-share — to more constructive purposes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Additional considerations include substantial, continuing damage to India’s business reputation for not honouring agreements and awards, and for resorting to repeated appeals. Ideally, dilatory tactics need to be replaced with being more reasonable and less arbitrary. Strategies in the public interest need to be developed, such as the attitude to arbitration in not accepting unfavourable awards. The indirect costs and collateral damage are enormous, such as to the telecom and energy sectors since 2012, to affected companies and employees, to the investment climate, and the cascading effects through the economy. The disarray and inadequacy in telecom, for instance, are partly attributable to this factor. While foreign investment is increasing, the type of investors also matters. Present investments favour quick profits from the market, with less emphasis in building productive capacity in infrastructure, manufacturing, agriculture and so on.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Pranab Mukherjee, who introduced the retroactive tax as finance minister in 2012, wrote in his memoirs that despite the angst, his successors maintained the same stance. He had said at the time that if the law had not been changed, it would have cost the government Rs 40,000 to Rs 50,000 crore, as companies who had not contested similar demands would claim refunds. If this is a fact, how should it affect government decisions? The most important criteria presumably are cash flows, including awards if enforced, and reputational effects going forward.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Compulsions for retaining a law begin from inception, because once the government makes a law, there is a due process to be followed, or the appearance of it. International tax claims cannot be surrendered easily because of the political price for appearing to be weak, or selling out the public interest. While resolution can be by full or partial payment or by litigation, in practice, the default is litigation, followed by protracted appeals. Political and civil decision-makers have no invested commitment — “skin in the game” — to push for an early settlement. Anyone who exercises judgement that results in settling for a lesser amount runs the risk of being subjected to ignominy and accusations of bias or corruption. For politicians, the reputational risk in not pursuing claims is very high. Even Arun Jaitley as finance minister, who was earlier Vodafone’s attorney and called it “tax terrorism”, did not or could not undo it. Further, many officials, including finance and tax authorities and politicians, behave as if they are obliged to defend the indefensible. They seem unaware that similar compulsions drive legitimate private sector concerns. Shareholders expect companies to prosecute fair claims and defend against unfair demands, and companies cannot give up prosecution or defence if they have reasonable chances of winning. In legal battles of attrition, if the government takes a stand that others consider unreasonable, the country pays, while lawyers prosper.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">Awards against India include Cairn’s $1.7 billion, Rs 22,100-crore tax claims against Vodafone that was disallowed by an international court (with legal costs of about Rs 85 crore to be paid), and possibly Vedanta’s claim of $3 billion related to Cairn’s transaction that is pending but could be upheld. India’s appeals against Vedanta’s and Vodafone’s awards are pending. If these appeals are dismissed, together with awards to Devas and its shareholders of $1.2 billion for the cancellation of its contract with Antrix, the total rises to over Rs 40,000 crore.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">The government has resisted Devas’ awards successfully for years, and has raised the accusation of fraud in a still pending arbitration with Deutsche Telekom, a former investor in Devas. Meanwhile, internally, the government has probed these accusations repeatedly, and apparently accepted that they are unwarranted. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;">If this defence fails and/or if there is actual seizure of assets abroad, India may be forced to reconsider. Accepting the awards is also not easy, because it needs radical changes in the government’s approach and behaviour, carried through by changes to all of society/us, in adhering closely to terms. Governments everywhere are sometimes not transparent, and ours has a colonial and feudal legacy of rulers and subjects with pernicious practices on both sides. It is a legacy that has become worse with time, and perpetuates problems in many areas of governance, the economy, and society, because it is pervasive. This mindset will have to change for a more open approach, objective analysis, and decisions based on facts and reason. If this process is begun, it augurs well for our prospects. Cairn, Vodafone, and Devas have reportedly shown willingness to settle. The government should seriously consider evaluating the pros and cons of asset seizure and indirect damages, compared with other options, including possible settlements. By ending these disputes quickly and well, we can hope to build a more reasonable and stable business and investment environment, and better business practices.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.a: This article summarises the details: <a href="https://thewire.in/government/india-isro-arbitration-antrix-devas">https://thewire.in/government/india-isro-arbitration-antrix-devas</a></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px 0px 12px !important; padding: 2px 0px !important;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.b: India’s treaty-based disputes: <a href="https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/country/96/india">https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/country/96/india</a></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-72178437978106686702021-07-01T17:17:00.030+05:302021-07-04T07:08:20.702+05:30Order & Stability in Power Supply<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBPAJDI2gh9iujhEa7-jmHBXLxGe6wEoVBmQEnm1xtpl5Iz1frjFc1pZ5KN5wsRrxxZP5fJ8pKWGNsnlFkS8UuGJRO8dLxEvUK6zQilggf9IPBbEbYTEMLoYNDTttkcgf4AH_4umdRr0Du/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBPAJDI2gh9iujhEa7-jmHBXLxGe6wEoVBmQEnm1xtpl5Iz1frjFc1pZ5KN5wsRrxxZP5fJ8pKWGNsnlFkS8UuGJRO8dLxEvUK6zQilggf9IPBbEbYTEMLoYNDTttkcgf4AH_4umdRr0Du/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #c27ba0;">India's markets in electricity are roiled by low and unstable prices, with uneven service quality.</span></i></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> | July 1, 2021</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Is it good for consumers when prices crash? After an intuitive “yes”, reflection on one’s own and society’s long-term interests, as in the example below, may lead to the realisation that quality cannot be sustained below a reasonable price. In the same way, overambitious targets without detailed plans and unrealistic policies create turbulence and instability, such as financing not being available for constructing coal-based power plants. This will mean shortages unless sufficient power is available from new sources.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span></sup></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Energy considerations are simultaneous problems, and solutions must consider interconnected factors. A third issue is bringing order and stability to electricity markets, for which India needs investors with significant capital willing to invest at scale for slower payback than in high-tech aggregation, for example. The groundwork must be done to handle large-scale targets and projects, because big players operate at scale, avoiding smaller projects. The opposite aspect is the integration of rooftop solar for net metering,<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">2 </span></sup></strong>which has been capped this year at 10 kW, thereby excluding the most promising upscale residential and corporate categories. Another aspect that needs resolution is the financial capacity of distribution companies.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The case of SoftBank’s investment in solar power in India and its exit is an example of the difficulties of bringing order and scale to India’s power sector.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: red;">SoftBank’s Solar Gambit in India</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">In 2015, Japan’s SoftBank Group CEO Masayoshi Son announced the intention to invest $20 billion in India in solar projects through SB Energy (SBE), a venture with Bharti Enterprises and Taiwan’s Foxconn. It seemed ideal for India. With abundant sunshine and a big potential market, the logic for large solar projects was always compelling. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had raised the solar target for 2022 from 20 GW to 100 GW. India had about 4 GW largely from rural and rooftop projects, priced 50 per cent higher than power from coal. Despite a good start, in time, SoftBank’s price expectations proved to be too high.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Prices fell thereafter because of cheap solar modules from China, and increasing competition, perhaps influenced by SoftBank’s exuberant presence. SBE’s winning bids dropped from Rs 4.63/unit in December 2015 in Andhra Pradesh to Rs 2.45/unit in Rajasthan in May 2017, which SBE maintained was profitable. Solar power became half that of coal. Bids dropped as low as Rs 1.99 in December 2020, as lower-cost pension funds bid aggressively. However, prices firmed up this year, and winning bids in May ranged from Rs 2.51 to Rs 2.69.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Meanwhile, SoftBank could not get the government to offer a massive tender of 900 GW, more than double India’s capacity, despite announcing an increased investment intent of $60-100 billion.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Facing regulatory problems such as land not allocated for transmission lines, delays in payments, and attempts at renegotiation of its power purchase agreement in Andhra Pradesh, SoftBank began losing interest. Ironically, prices now are near the Rs 2.70 that SBE had bid in 2018 for 1 GW of a tender where the government expected a much lower bid from SBE for the full 3 GW tender, and rejected other similar bids, accusing SBE of cartelisation. Last month, SoftBank sold its solar assets to Adani Green Energy Ltd (AGEL) and shifted its solar focus to the US. It continues to invest actively in Indian high-tech, however, committing $2 billion in 2021 by the end of May.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This is insufficient solar capacity from an environmental perspective as well as in terms of opportunity cost, i.e., the available solar energy. The short point is that India needs investors like SoftBank, with the capacity and willingness to invest in slower-payback infrastructure.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The government could not entertain large bids to the extent that SoftBank was willing to invest (assuming a tender for 100 GW, of their expressed interest in 900 GW). The preponderance of coal will continue because the current annual tendering capacity is 6-8 GW. This means higher costs and carbon footprint until the government is able to accommodate larger-scale investor interest. It will require resolution of a serious obstacle, the stressed financials of state distribution companies, realistic tariff expectations, and larger tendering capacity.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">SBE focused on quality and scale, outsourcing its clean design and installation to high-quality Engineering, Procurement and Construction contractors. Its low-cost finance and capacity were offset by a high cost structure, in a low-bid environment. India may not be ready for such investors, because price trumps quality, even if quality is reasonably priced. But we do need to nurture serious investors willing to invest in electricity and other infrastructure.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Our markets in electricity, telecom and broadband are roiled by low and unstable prices, with uneven service quality. Our interests would be best served if our policies aim for integrated, stable services at reasonable prices that might not necessarily be least cost in the interests of efficacy. This is what we need to drive the economy in a sustained manner, to provide its foundation and fuel its growth.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Government policies and regulations need to be configured towards overarching objectives that are aligned or at least not contradictory. Various streams within and across sectors must be integrated, such as fuel sources and electricity generation, to converge towards objectives. This will require Central and state governments to evolve integrated plans and develop interdepartmental coordination processes to steer the energy sector.<strong style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span></sup></strong> A prerequisite is resolving the financial problems of state distribution companies, including payment discipline.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">If a genuine effort is made to work through these and scope a large, practicable solar tender (of 5 GW or 10 GW), with a process of repeating/escalating it over time, the government could seek to initiate discussions for such contracts with two or three select investors.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1: </em></strong><b><i>"Does India need more coal power?"</i></b></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><i><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/does-india-need-more-coal-power-121062901741_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/does-india-need-more-coal-power-121062901741_1.html</a></i></b></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></em></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2: See “The economics of ‘net’ and ‘gross’ metering: The Punjab example”: <a href="https://carboncopy.info/rooftop-solar-and-discoms-a-case-of-putting-the-cart-before-the-horse/">https://carboncopy.info/rooftop-solar-and-discoms-a-case-of-putting-the-cart-before-the-horse/</a></em></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">3: India had an Integrated Energy Policy, compiled by the Planning Commission for 2006 to 2030: (<a href="http://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf">http://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf</a>). If discontinued, this needs updating with probabilistic modelling, and conversion to action plans through interdepartmental processes empowered to execute these plans</em></strong></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-44743858919450538162021-06-03T07:13:00.010+05:302021-06-14T10:11:52.853+05:30Catch Up On 5G Mindset<h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: small;">Our policies need to change by permitting cost-less changes that build network systems and service delivery.</span></i></h2><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #4c1130;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> | June 3, 2021</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The anticipation and excitement about 5G or full-fledged 4G is all about apps and user experience. People focus on user devices such as smartphones and computers, whereas delivery requires end-to-end network systems — for education, skill development, training, software as a service, healthcare, transportation, retail, travel, or entertainment. For these, our foundations are sorely lacking. The most deficient are the long lead-time, slow payback, difficult aspects of “plumbing”, akin to completing the user-side networks of water pipes and sewerage for water supply, or networks for electricity. As with the plumbing, we need the network development of all the links to experience end-to-end, high-speed communications, as explained below.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Indian “unicorns”, tech startups valued at over a billion dollars, have been growing latterly at a dizzying pace (1). Optimists see them as a way out of our primordial mess. For pragmatists, profitability and staying power will prove they are not just examples of irrational exuberance, although there is no doubt many provide value through aggregation and convenience. The caveats are that they disrupt markets, and their spread is largely in services, except for very few in pharmaceuticals/biotechnology and renewable energy.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">These services depend on the structured, hierarchical organisation of equipment and systems, what the tech marketplace calls the technology stack. “Tech-stacks” are systems made up of layers that fit in a logical sequence at each functional level of a process to deliver their “products” to users at successive levels, whether the deliveries are considered goods or services.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Now, users engage with apps as front-end interfaces. Some people are aware of the levels beyond, i.e., the operating systems, the technical features of the devices, and the communications service providers/telcos (Chart 1).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Chart 1</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><img align="left" alt="chart" class="imgCont" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3469855182" height="223" src="https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/img/article/2021-06/02/full/1622655330-0574.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; margin-right: 10px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle; z-index: 0;" title="chart" width="509" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Adapted from: <a href="https://the-ken.com/the-nutgraf/jio-is-in-the-endgame-now/" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">https://the-ken.com/the-nutgraf/jio-is-in-the-endgame-now/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Very few look beyond that, to the levels of the telcos’ technology stack or back-end. Yet, this is where our problems begin: In dense commercial or residential areas, for instance, laying new cables is very difficult and expensive, whereas wireless links can be easier and cheaper. This is also true for rural/semi-urban areas, where the profit potential may be more limited. The network stack or system comprises user devices connecting to towers or access points, which can be cellular or Wi-Fi devices, which connect to aggregation points through backhaul across the “middle-mile”, and from there to the core network (Chart 2).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit52hmL7O1gcg4yExCajOQK4uTQdb5ZI7V-nTbzXhfkyfL91r2zEqwlCrX1y-2hlhQUaiMD2znzNvCMOiYj0tAT0Iz_GLAnqFUHNxBv3GclicjnI6PbXQIV9dru-3LSESaKgh6LMhklIGj/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="624" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit52hmL7O1gcg4yExCajOQK4uTQdb5ZI7V-nTbzXhfkyfL91r2zEqwlCrX1y-2hlhQUaiMD2znzNvCMOiYj0tAT0Iz_GLAnqFUHNxBv3GclicjnI6PbXQIV9dru-3LSESaKgh6LMhklIGj/w644-h174/image.png" width="644" /></a></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></span></div><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;">Many in urban India have fibre connections up to their access points, whether those devices are Wi-Fi or cellular base stations. Others may have a coaxial or ethernet cable up to their access points, and a wireless connection to aggregation points, which connect with the fibre core. These links in our networks is where we are deficient.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: open sans, Arial;">Early on, India’s policy-makers expected market mechanisms to provide these lower-order layers of the stack. Despite evidence to the contrary, our policy-makers and regulators apparently still continue to expect this, although laying cables to every household is simply not feasible in India.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Self-Constraining Mindsets</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">It took nine years to enable full use of the 5 GHz Wi-Fi bands in India (in 2018, instead of in 2009/10). Until then, 5 GHz Wi-Fi devices could not be used to their full potential in India because of our self-imposed restrictions. So, they were unusable for Wi-Fi hotspots or for backhaul, one reason there are so few hotspots.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "open sans", Arial;">It would have cost nothing apart from the effort for the authorities to develop enabling policies and make them work. There would have been some operating and administrative costs, but no capital investment. It was not the lack of technology, nor the lack of capital, nor material resources, nor of organisation. It was a mental block, a constraining mindset, that prevented successive governments from removing these shackles. It was a wilful restriction of available technology and productivity tools.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Could these policy constraints have been aggravated by the turbulence created by the CAG Report in 2010? Possibly, and the chilling effect on constructive spectrum policies has endured. Think of what it means to constrain ourselves in this way, because more changes are needed to complete and enhance the links in our networks.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">So What Do We Need?</span></strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">We have the right policies for 5 GHz Wi-Fi. We also need user access to high-speed wireless (6 and 60 GHz), and for telcos to have short-distance and intermediate-distance backhaul (60 GHz up to 1.5 km; 70-80 GHz up to 4-5 km), in addition to the 5G bands being considered. Without these, the linkages are incomplete or of insufficient capacity.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The changes required are, to permit licensed operators to use 60 GHz and 70-80 GHz for backhaul/middle-mile for network capacity quickly and at least cost, and 6 GHz and 60 GHz for Wi-Fi user access. A realistic way for a developing country to do this is through shared infrastructure, including spectrum and Radio Access Networks, with consortium ownership and government participation. Until this happens, we are likely to be restricted in our ability to deal with our needs for livelihood and well-being, with the impossibility of enormous expense of multiple networks, the impracticality of laying cables everywhere, and without the financial justification or capacity to do it.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">It is like trying to create cities or become a manufacturing or agricultural powerhouse without the infrastructure of water-sewerage-electricity-logistics-communications as the basis not only for all the hardware, but also for the skilled human resources and “wetware” trained and accultured to make the most of all of this.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Enabling rules and executive decisions are the first steps. Organising appropriately to capitalise on and implement the possibilities in the public interest is the next. This will need organising consortiums for sharing infrastructure, spectrum payment based on usage, and so on. Until our policy-makers understand and engage with these self-imposed obstacles, remove them, and force the issue of organised high-speed wireless in a practical, sustainable way, most of our people cannot have the basic appurtenances required to equip themselves to live and work well today.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial;" /><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span><br /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1: <a href="Indian Unicorns - https://plus.credit-suisse.com/rpc4/ravDocView?docid=V7qfQq2AN-Wd1W" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Indian Unicorns - https://plus.credit-suisse.com/rpc4/ravDocView?docid=V7qfQq2AN-Wd1W</a></strong></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-91082842671829940302021-05-07T17:51:00.060+05:302021-05-12T13:45:01.878+05:30Covid Prevention Guidance Needed<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQKCIZAck3fL8br0Ri7ikWCAl-54nJbUDbVV31MDbl4ZwqqM-bOib2cwLiSMCePtaTqwJWDgrpvB2xGSbzM9GNfqOtAOnxlh4kVsxBX17XA-sI25_-VYrP6i4CA_OUhJWNLSXK6duCOdmK/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQKCIZAck3fL8br0Ri7ikWCAl-54nJbUDbVV31MDbl4ZwqqM-bOib2cwLiSMCePtaTqwJWDgrpvB2xGSbzM9GNfqOtAOnxlh4kVsxBX17XA-sI25_-VYrP6i4CA_OUhJWNLSXK6duCOdmK/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" /></a></div><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"><i>Authoritative guidance if possible on prophylaxis and early treatment would help.</i></span></h2><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #351c75;">Shyam Ponappa</span></a> | <span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;">May 7, 2021</span></p><p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">For people outside the medical community with limited knowledge of medicine, there is a need for informed advice on preventives for Covid-19, if our experts know of any. We know of the advice to wear masks, maintain distance, and sanitise our hands. Beyond that, with all the information and opinion swirling in the press and the media, what exactly is one to do? Apart from the vaccination initiative and behaviour protocols, we need advice on possible preventives, and early-stage treatment. While it is a difficult call, the consideration of including preventives, if any are known, may help strengthen safety protocols (masking, distancing, and hand sanitisation), as would advice on early-stage treatment.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">As lay people, we encounter information about possible preventives. Compiled information from a single, informed source on potential prophylactics, and efforts to evaluate possibilities, would help. If there are compounds known to be safe that might help, perhaps authorities could consider dissemination, instead of waiting for proof positive. If trials are to be designed and coordinated, these could be facilitated to the extent possible.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This is not a time to add to or expect more from our burdened healthcare system. Yet, their ability to advise and to facilitate trials may have no substitute. If the hope is that the private sector will step in, reflection on the investment of time, effort, cost, and risk compared with the profit potential suggests that may take much longer.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Possible preventives</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Preventives seem to be under the radar in our defences against the virus. One is left wondering about their efficacy, or whether it is the difficulty in validation through trials that explains the apparent lack of promotion of preventives or early-stage treatments, as described below. Two possible candidates are povidone-iodine, known commonly by the brand name “Betadine”, and Ivermectin.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">( a) Povidone-iodine, one brand being Betadine, is a formulation of iodine with a water-soluble polymer (povidone) that enables slow iodine release, resulting in greater effectiveness as a germicide and virucide, with no stinging or staining. There are exceptions, however, for people with thyroid problems, pregnant women, and those undergoing radioiodine therapy.</p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">The Betadine site in the USA disclaims its efficacy against Covid-19.</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;">1</span></sup></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"> <b><i> </i></b></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">However, several recent studies show that povidone-iodine is an effective virucidal in the nose and mouth, including against the SARS-CoV-2.</span><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;">2</span></sup></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"> The citations below report virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, and reduction in the severity of early-stage infection by limiting the viral load.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Established practice and several studies confirm that povidone-iodine is effective and safe, excluding certain categories. Could this not be promoted as a possible prophylactic? With evidence, as in the citations below, barring compelling reasons to the contrary, the authorities could decide on its inclusion in our protocol.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">(b) Ivermectin is in the protocol of the Uttar Pradesh health department for healthcare professionals as a preventive, and along with doxycycline for early-stage treatment. This is despite WHO’s statements not supporting its use. Ivermectin has been used for years all over the world to treat children and adults for roundworm and intestinal parasites, as well as for skin diseases such as scabies. If one or both are effective and generally considered safe with certain exclusions, could experts evaluate including these in preventive protocols? This would be in addition to vaccination, masking, distancing, and hand-sanitisation. If validation is required, the authorities could consider possibly facilitating trials.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;">[</span><span style="background-color: #fcff01;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Added May 12, 2021: Real time meta analysis - Ivermectin - 54 studies:</span></b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://ivmmeta.com/" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">https://ivmmeta.com</a></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;">] </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">Early-stage treatment</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Apart from Ivermectin (to be considered), the ayurvedic practice of coconut oil “pulling”, or swishing/lavaging in the mouth, has undergone trials in the Philippines and Indonesia. Second, trials are reportedly under consideration here for an inhaled recombinant interferon. Virgin coconut oil has been studied by the Philippines for medicinal purposes for decades. Reports on its use for treatment against Covid-19 were published from late 2020. The two citations indicate their findings for [</span><b><span style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #2b00fe;">added later: prophylaxis as well as</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">] early-stage treatment.</span><b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span></sup></b></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Bolstering Immunity — Interferon Beta-1a (SNG001): In 2003, faculty members from the University of Southampton started a company, Synairgen, for drug discovery and biotechnology in respiratory diseases. In 2009, they developed an inhaled form of recombinant interferon beta-1a, SNG001, patented in the USA as IFN-beta. This was for people with asthma and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who are especially susceptible to seasonal colds and the flu caused by coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus<a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-coronavirus" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> </a>(SARS-CoV), and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). SNG001 works by providing localised concentrations of the immune protein to strengthen a user’s defences.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Interferon beta-1a in injectable form has been in use since the 1990s for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Subsequently, it was found to be effective against SARS-CoV, MERS, and recently, SARS-CoV-2. For acceptance in treating Covid-19, it must clear successive trials as must any medication. These are expensive, difficult, and time consuming. The difficulties beyond high costs include the availability of suitable candidates, trained professionals, and time. Trials are also often delayed because of staffing shortages, space-material-and-funding constraints, and reluctant or unavailable patients. Sometimes, trials are called off for reasons such as insufficient enrolment. These factors have delayed SNG001’s deployment so far, despite a good safety record.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Encouraging Phase 2 results were announced in mid-2020,<b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;">4</span></sup></b><b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></sup></b>but it has taken a year to get Phase 3 trials going in about 20 countries, aiming for over 600 patients. In India, the Subject Expert Committee is reportedly evaluating a proposal for clinical trials. Could this product be considered for immediate use under medical supervision?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Government-sponsored trials</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The Philippines government has championed trials such as of virgin coconut oil, Ivermectin, and Melatonin.<b style="background-color: transparent;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span></sup></b> Their example is inspiring, although the small sizes detract from the potential gains. Perhaps our experts could consider whether Ivermectin as a preventive and for early-stage treatment needs validation through trials here, or could be included in our protocols.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">It would help to have a public advisory on Betadine gargles and nasal spray if they are effective, and likewise for Ivermectin. If possible, advice on the early-stage use of inhaled corticosteroids (Ciclesonide or Budesonide) to protect the lungs and airways would also be very helpful.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</em><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">1: </span><a href="https://betadine.com/covid-19/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://betadine.com/covid-19/</a><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">2: </span><a href="https://journalotohns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40463-020-00474-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://journalotohns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40463-020-00474-x</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">;</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341475/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341475/</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">;</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32608097https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2770785" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32608097https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2770785</a></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">3: </span><a href="https://fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/programs-and-projects/news-and-announcement/800-virgin-coconut-oil-vco-study-results-on-covid-19-suspect-and-probable-cases-released-by-dost-fnri" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/programs-and-projects/news-and-announcement/800-virgin-coconut-oil-vco-study-results-on-covid-19-suspect-and-probable-cases-released-by-dost-fnri</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">;</span></p><p><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/4/16/virgin-coconut-oil-COVID-19-patients.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/4/16/virgin-coconut-oil-COVID-19-patients.html</a><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;">4: </span><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04385095" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04385095</a></p><p><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-2970885231949691202021-04-01T20:06:00.016+05:302021-04-02T08:59:14.581+05:30Backsliding Without Broadband<h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjb_y60vlZI7jcwOVQWCRq-NCyQ5OmwNJFCg9zQpYlKuc8O28rAbhB-0LK-_oCj5U764m3UThwt-IduvOoaDbJBNe8Irj4_qzz980Cejo-qY3qFHcod_jH3zp-CvlHKc517Tt70DPIQI6Q/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjb_y60vlZI7jcwOVQWCRq-NCyQ5OmwNJFCg9zQpYlKuc8O28rAbhB-0LK-_oCj5U764m3UThwt-IduvOoaDbJBNe8Irj4_qzz980Cejo-qY3qFHcod_jH3zp-CvlHKc517Tt70DPIQI6Q/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" /></a></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></i></h2><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">We are losing out on so much of our potential because of regulatory constraints.</span></i></h2><div><i><span style="color: red;"><b>[But of course, that is only a part of the story. The rest of it is lack of organization, and of discipline, which is a long, long story.]</b></span></i></div><div><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></i></div><p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #646464; font-size: 12px;"> | April 1, 2021</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Not being permitted to use available spectrum<a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/spectrum" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"> </a>in line with technological developments and global applications is like being deprived of access to the air around one. That our way-below-par broadband is not systematically addressed as a critically important way to provide requisite infrastructure to improve people’s lives is troubling. We lose out on the facilitation of education, healthcare, productivity, commerce, industry, government services, and entertainment. Is the government unaware of our deprivation? Surely the authorities are capable of devising ways to use spectrum for the common </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">good. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Whatever other matters they are busy with, this is an area that should have priority.</span></p><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The difficulty is in satisfying competing demands arising from what can best be described as our collective gnarled psyche. One preoccupation is with making corporations alone pay for public resources without allowing for profits. This apparently pervades not only the government’s thinking, but extends to many people at large, in the press and media, polity, civil administration, and judiciary. Compounded with the anxiety of decision-makers to protect themselves from overzealous future witch-hunts, this ensures there are no innovative attempts at resolving our communications infrastructure needs. One also sometimes encounters sentiments questioning whether we need 5G, or faster internet, or notions that we already have adequate broadband, and so on. We are inured to dysfunctional infrastructure support, and have become habituated to accepting deficiencies in our daily lives. Whether it is dropped calls, slow internet, or sporadic failures in electricity, water supply, or logistics, we treat this shoddy state as acceptable, despite its immense drag on effectiveness and productivity.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Meanwhile, we have just embarked on yet another 4G spectrum auction, while 5G, where we are way behind global developments, seems a lifetime away. If only our policymakers and administrators actively sought ways to improve our communications, including rural broadband, for instance, we might learn from practices elsewhere in the world of adaptations that could be implemented here. One interesting instance is that of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the US. Seeking to improve broadband in underserved markets, in 2019, the FCC began the Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF) initiative, to channel universal service obligation funds collected from telecom operators to get high-speed networks built and services provided in rural areas. This replaced the prior Connect America Fund programme with its lowest-bid awards that had not worked. In 2020, the FCC conducted a reverse auction for broadband services to rural users, allowing for slower delivery in more remote locations. The tentative award for Phase I is $9.2 billion (Rs 67,000 crore) over the next 10 years in monthly instalments, with time-bound completion requirements. (India has about Rs 55,000 crore in a comparable Universal Service Obligation Fund.)</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Over 400 entities, many of them consortiums including electricity distribution companies, have won RDOF contracts to build networks and provide services. Most plan fibre-optic networks, but the biggest winner for $1.3 billion, LTM Broadband, plans to also use high-speed fixed wireless. Another winner, SpaceX, plans Low Earth Orbit satellites to deliver 100 Mbps. There has been criticism from some analysts and contenders who question the feasibility of gigabit wireless networks in place of fibre. This may be uninformed, but it remains to be proven that delivery is on time and profitable.</span></span></p><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Despite the difference in our environments, the FCC’s example has useful pointers for India. One is a practicable way to channel USO funds to develop rural broadband, with performance monitoring every six months. Second, a model and time frame to design and conduct a reverse auction, and award the 10-year contracts, with minimal hype. Third, allowing for choice of technologies, including high-speed fixed wireless, satellite, and so on. Finally, a solid foundation is provided by FCC’s supportive approach to making spectrum and infrastructure sharing a reality, including 6 GHz Wi-Fi. This is the sort of action we need in place of more rhetoric.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A complementary approach is that of Sweden and other Nordic countries. Telecom operators there have been sharing infrastructure and spectrum from 2G through 4G, which is now being extended to 5G. Note that all levels of technology (2G, 3G, 4G and 5G) coexist in their networks (1).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For India, policy-makers have to develop approaches, policies, laws, adaptations, and so on that are specific to our context, including culture, institutions, practices, and geographic and social circumstances. One element likely to be necessary for ubiquitous broadband is shared networks in rural areas as well as in dense urban environments. Mandatory provision of shared infrastructure was being considered in Sweden over a decade ago. Given that government’s initiatives and Sweden’s experience with sharing thereafter, network sharing is likely to be extended for internal use without mandatory requirements. In India, too, there is need for government initiatives and incentives. This is because extensive changes in policies, laws, and regulations must be effected, requiring inter-agency coordination and convergence in government departments, legislative agencies, institutions, and among stakeholders. The latter will include service providers, manufacturers, and user groups. Sweden’s experience shows there are compelling cost and energy saving reasons for sharing, apart from environmental impact mitigation, but that without government initiatives and facilitation, the common-good outcomes are not likely to evolve naturally in India, where passive sharing has been permitted and practised for years.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our desperate need is for revamped spectrum regulations, making the relatively straightforward changes aligned with the FCC model to the extent feasible, after due consultation with industry and other stakeholders. Extending Wi-Fi on the lines of what has already been done for 5 GHz is the first step. The target bands are 6 GHz for Wi-Fi, 60 GHz for indoor Wi-Fi and outdoor authorised shared access by licensed operators like Wi-Fi, and similar outdoor regulations for 70-80 GHz. After that [the end-to-end connectivity is enabled -- which is infeasible now], a systematic initiative is required for network sharing through consortium ownership, with similar holdings in verticals with infrastructure providers, and government participation through BSNL. All concerned government agencies will need to be involved, as must all stakeholders.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1: <a href="https://www.nokia.com/blog/the-well-kept-secret-of-2g-3g-4g-5g-dynamic-spectrum-sharing/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nokia.com/blog/the-well-kept-secret-of-2g-3g-4g-5g-dynamic-spectrum-sharing/</a></strong></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-89667784218971989212021-03-05T07:39:00.023+05:302021-03-05T15:18:42.118+05:30Success Beyond Software & Services<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUAFJzdRXUFrYuk86h5Jg3Ag7OpxFp5YkufqofhzIOzc8bZ047FlkUid_71_UDYOss37_5uMz29ecdouDuYw6VR5A0e1JK0SI7InueIaucyuIrLDKj0fkrwnms176QnE3ieYB9wfdEOxw6/s303/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="48" data-original-width="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUAFJzdRXUFrYuk86h5Jg3Ag7OpxFp5YkufqofhzIOzc8bZ047FlkUid_71_UDYOss37_5uMz29ecdouDuYw6VR5A0e1JK0SI7InueIaucyuIrLDKj0fkrwnms176QnE3ieYB9wfdEOxw6/s0/Business+Standard+Logo.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>India dominates the world market in motorcycles. What will it take to replicate this success in other industries?</i></span></span></span></p><p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #646464; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: currentcolor none 0px; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: currentcolor none 0px; text-decoration: underline;"> | March 4, 2021</span></span> </span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: 2; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Examples abound in software and services of how Indians can work systematically to solve challenges, build teams, institutional structures, and scale. But what of other areas? This is a take on aspects of manufacturing, and consideration of a change in approach.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: 2; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Consider the example of a software unicorn such as Postman, a Bangalore-based Application Programming Interface platform that eases interoperability for apps. The founders are engineer managers with experience at Yahoo and other MNCs. Started in 2009, in six years it was valued at $2 billion. This is a high-value Software-as-a-Service enterprise. It is an area where India has deep skills, there is limited need for capital, and ready access to local and offshore markets in verticals such as banking and finance, and oil and gas. The team has thought through the customer-centric product rationally and deeply to design and deliver solutions, blessed with good timing, marketing with sound strategy, and executing with skill.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: 2; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">By contrast,<span> </span><span></span>manufacturing enterprises face many more problems. These include large capital requirements, an extended payback period, high costs for capital, infrastructure, and inputs, and a bias for soft-collar jobs. Inadequate logistics cause delays and high inventories, increasing costs. Small, fragmented suppliers do not have adequate scale to function efficiently, although they have access to natural resources such as iron ore, bauxite, cotton, and abundant sunshine, together with low-cost labour. There is potential to exploit these in skill-intensive value chains such as pharmaceuticals, capital goods and automotive components, because of large, proximate domestic markets. To realise this potential, these<span> </span><span></span>manufacturing value chains need considerable effort and investment to become global champions. An assessment of their status follows, with some possible ways forward, and instances of success despite the constraints.</p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #351c75;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Present State of Manufacturing</b></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: 2; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">A McKinsey publication in October 2020 on<span> </span>manufacturing in India observed that while companies elsewhere had begun to reconfigure sourcing and manufacturing for better reliability after Covid, India was not moving to exploit these opportunities<span></span><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"></b>.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><sup><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup></b></span> The report cites that manufacturing sector GDP from 2006 to 2012 grew by 9.5 per cent, but declined over the next six years to 7.4 per cent. Also, nearly 700 of the top 1,000 manufacturers showed returns below their cost of capital in 2018, whereas sectors with better returns showed increased investment from 2016 to 2020. The authors suggest India has the potential to become a manufacturing powerhouse if it can develop globally competitive manufacturing hubs. They outline the steps required in 11 sectors with strong potential, premised on India’s strengths in raw materials, manufacturing skills, and entrepreneurship, by obtaining and applying the requisite know-how and technology, increasing productivity, and attracting capital. They estimate that appropriate changes in industrial policy together with responsive manufacturers could more than double the value chains in seven years, with significantly increased employment.<br style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="color: #351c75;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Manufacturing Value Chains</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The report classifies India’s high-potential manufacturing value chains into “mature”, “established but underweight”, and “emerging” categories (see chart).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizvSRAlHiKufo8K3Jx4Ff6i-LdKFO9otKAsz4pJat8vFWp1n6eti-W9OoHo-kHEkzwf9sLqDCxkFwL2oE8bkVA7NB80XhVgDsyBd2H3bwEuekZW9nHO56HOm5uHDuimA_brpkWrzSU-2CG/s881/India%2527s+Manufacturing+Value+Chains+%2526+Global+Competitiveness-McK-Oct+2020.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="881" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizvSRAlHiKufo8K3Jx4Ff6i-LdKFO9otKAsz4pJat8vFWp1n6eti-W9OoHo-kHEkzwf9sLqDCxkFwL2oE8bkVA7NB80XhVgDsyBd2H3bwEuekZW9nHO56HOm5uHDuimA_brpkWrzSU-2CG/s320/India%2527s+Manufacturing+Value+Chains+%2526+Global+Competitiveness-McK-Oct+2020.jpg" width="320" /></a> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; mso-background-themecolor: background1;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Source: </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf"><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p>
<p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The mature value chains comprise sectors such as pharmaceuticals, automotive components and vehicles, and chemicals, that are ready to scale up for domestic markets and exports. Sectors in the second category have specific shortcomings that need rectification to compete in export markets. For instance, food processing companies are too small and need higher productivity to be competitive in quality and cost abroad. Another example cited here is inadequate technological sophistication in aerospace and defence. In the third category of emerging value chains, sectors such as semiconductors and solar technology trail Asian countries, but could be developed through investment and technology inputs. Potential target markets are low-carbon technologies, such as energy storage, hydrogen equipment, carbon capture and sequestration, electric two-wheelers, drones, and lithium-ion batteries.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Now consider contrary examples of manufacturing success against all odds. There is indeed an industry where Indian manufacturers excel, and that is in motorcycles. An interesting account by a veteran describes how Bajaj Auto painstakingly built its R&D team 20 years ago, and went on to design and build products to hold its own.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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<![endif]--><b><sup><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></sup></b> TVS Motors did the same. When Chinese motorcycles launched in India and undercut the market in 2005, the apprehension was of the imminent demise of India’s motorcycle manufacturing. Within six months however, Chinese manufacturers failed because of poor quality and high tariffs, bowing out. Bajaj then addressed markets in Africa, where their better quality and prices lower than premium Japanese motorcycles prevailed. Now, Bajaj and TVS have the top slots in Africa, and there are reportedly no Chinese products. This was repeated in South America. In Europe, KTM is the market leader and Bajaj owns 48 per cent. Three Indian companies now dominate world markets: Hero, Bajaj and TVS. The author ends with the question: ‘‘Why was this not done in TVs, computers, mobile phones, pharmaceuticals, and other industries? It’s the same country, same labour laws, same infrastructure, but not the same entrepreneurs.” Possibly, together with all the constraints and impediments, because of factors such as limited vision and/or ambition, and absence of government support?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="color: #351c75;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Developing the Value Chains</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Returning to the development of value chains, six of the 11 account for about 80 per cent of the estimated gains: chemicals and petrochemicals, agriculture and food processing, electronics and semiconductors, capital goods and machine tools, iron ore and steel, and automotive components and vehicles. The report emphasises the importance of government support, and for manufacturers to dare to invest in organisation and scale to increase productivity per worker. An indicative agenda for the agricultural and food value chain is available here.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><b><sup><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3</span></sup></b></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">Two aspects are highlighted overall: (a) the need for higher productivity (for instance, Indonesia is double India’s, and China and Korea, four times); (b) the availability of capital being the single biggest obstacle. This is where government, business, political and citizen energies have to be convergent to achieve good outcomes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Shyam (No Space) Ponappa @ gmail dot com<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i>1: McKinsey - Rajat Dhawan & Suvojoy Sengupta, October 2020: </i>“<a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A new growth formula for manufacturing in India</a>”:</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf</span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">2: Srinivas Kantheti, 15 June, 2020: <a href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/how-one-indian-industry-beat-china-at-manufacturing-and-created-a-global-footprint-6135001.htm ;" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/how-one-indian-industry-beat-china-at-manufacturing-and-created-a-global-footprint-6135001.htm ;</a> </b></i></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i>3: McKinsey, Ibid, Page 7: “</i><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/a-new-growth-formula-for-manufacturing-in-india.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Catalyzing growth in the agricultural and food value chain</a><i>”.</i></b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i> </i></b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i>See additional related articles:</i></b></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: medium;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><i><i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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Motorcycle Export Battle with India</a>".</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; mso-background-themecolor: background1;"><a name="_Hlk65820886"></a><a href="https://ultimatemotorcycling.com/2014/09/25/chinas-motorcycle-export-battle-india/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk65820886;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">https://ultimatemotorcycling.com/2014/09/25/chinas-motorcycle-export-battle-india/</span></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/motorcycle-industry-new-world-order-india-next-japan-micheal-uhlarik/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/motorcycle-industry-new-world-order-india-next-japan-micheal-uhlarik/</span></a></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c. For a network analysis of India's export opportunities, see second half of:<br />"<a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2019/05/democracy-digital-india-and-networks.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Democracy, Digital India and Networks</a>", May 2, 2019: <a href="https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2019/05/democracy-digital-india-and-networks.html">https://organizing-india.blogspot.com/2019/05/democracy-digital-india-and-networks.html</a></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IN"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2341980013600136391.post-7505344328038575452021-02-08T19:32:00.001+05:302021-02-09T11:54:13.287+05:30Growth through ease of compliance<p> </p><p><br /></p><h2 class="alternativeHeadline" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px;"><i><span style="color: #741b47;">Compliance procedures need rationalisation and integrated digital systems.</span></i></h2><div><br /></div><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/author/search/keyword/shyam-ponappa" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Shyam Ponappa</a> </span><span style="color: #646464;"> | February 4, 2021</span></span></div><p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">During the annual Budget exercise, we are so taken with concerns about expenditure and resource constraints that there’s little room for much else. Reflecting on a wider canvas, however, leads to the realisation that there is a monster lurking just under the radar, a “dog that didn’t bark” that is a curse on productivity and ease of living.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">This is the burden of compliance, the essential but unglamorous, oft-overlooked processes related to following regulations, and filing the requisite reports to various authorities. This activity happens through the year, every year. Consider some aspects of this to appreciate how much of a drag it is on growth, and why it deserves much more attention for efficiency, productivity, and living standards.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">The amount of effort and difficulty in addressing compliance increases, naturally, with the size and spread of the enterprise. The levels can escalate quickly, because quite apart from taxes, there are requirements at local, state, and national levels, in areas relating to economic, environmental, and public interest matters. A portal set up to facilitate compliance in India <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)</strong> indicates the plethora of conditions, licences/registrations, laws, rules, and compliance requirements, ranging from a handful for very small, single-location enterprises, to thousands for large, multi-location businesses. Annual filings alone can be in the several hundreds. Enterprises in multiple states deal with different sets of laws, rules, and requirements, so that for a large countrywide undertaking, the effort required is monumental. What seems to be missing in India are the benefits of rationalisation and digitisation. It is as though we have overlooked the need for overarching integration, for syncing the front and back ends, and connecting parts in between, to achieve the greatest benefit of digitisation, namely productivity gains. Add to this the ease that could be but often isn’t there of accessing a portal and uploading compliance data in the first attempt, with the notable exception of the filing portal for income tax.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">According to a 2013 CII-Deloitte report on compliance costs in manufacturing <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2)</strong>, respondents cited outdated requirements, unfriendly procedures, and lack of clarity in rules and legislation as the key issues faced in non-tax related compliance. While there must have been improvements since then, the Economic Survey highlights the problems of over-regulation and absence of ease in compliance, resulting in India’s poor performance because of delays, rent-seeking, complexity, and regulations of poor quality <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3)</strong>.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">India’s global ranking in the ease-of-doing-business improved from 130 in 2016 to 63 in 2020, placing it among the top third of countries. If only our everyday experiences with compliance reflected such facility, instead of the hopeless tangle of rules, regulations, and incompetent implementation that render achievement of compliance outcomes difficult and arduous. The reason improving inefficient processes is so important, apart from that being a logical expectation of digital systems (if they work!), is that there is no way to recoup the wasted effort and productivity loss. Part of that loss is the distraction of management attention from the primary responsibility of running their undertakings. Imagine the impact this must have on most of India’s enterprises, which are small- and medium-sized.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">While efforts have been made over the years to reduce the burden of compliance, they have not resulted in bringing about systematic rationalisation and standardisation of regulations and filings, to move the country towards becoming more of a common market. Indeed, the introduction of the goods and services tax was one such initiative in the area of <a class="storyTags" href="https://www.business-standard.com/topic/tax-compliance" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">tax compliance.</a> Yet, it created severe disruptions for years because of the manner in which it was designed and implemented. There are some solid takeaways from this experience, which mirrors other efforts at improvements on a similarly massive scale that seem equally hastily put together. Policymakers would do well to learn from these and compensate with corrective action going forward, instead of repeating the same mistakes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">One is that glossing over or rushing through incomplete or defective design and execution does far more damage than good. As with the CoWIN app most recently, this has been true of previous initiatives, beginning with Aadhaar. Second, digital transformation and automation can certainly deliver considerable benefits, but only if (a) the systems are well designed and integrated so that processes flow through efficiently to deliver results, and (b) the input data are of good quality. These initiatives need to be overhauled and redesigned with rigorous standards to ensure seamless process flows with results, instead of tolerating and explaining away shoddy incompetence with a “<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">baad mei dekha jayega</em>” (we’ll see later) attitude.,</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">There is a paradox in India’s being a leading IT-systems and solutions provider to the world, yet not being able to design and build integrated internal IT-systems to address its own needs. Scale is an obvious attribute that adds complexity, as is the highly variable range of capacity of our population. But these in themselves do not account for deficiencies in system design and execution. Could it be that the quality of skill applied to domestic versus offshore client problems varies, whether because of differences in compensation levels for domestic and offshore projects, or for some other reason? Implying that premium output is unlikely to be made available at a discount, even from within the same talent pool. Perhaps the fact that government projects are typically awarded to the lowest bidder does have this effect on outcomes. Another reason could be the lack of an informed, overarching strategy and vision driving these subsystems.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;">All these issues have to be addressed and rectified if we want better results. Considerable effort will be needed to clean up the systems and data in our digitisation initiatives, including those relating to the Aadhaar and Aarogya Setu. There may be a need for material changes in fundamental design. Processes right from the acquisition and organising of data need review from perspectives of standards and systems for digitisation.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><hr style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px;" /><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shyam (no space) Ponappa at gmail dot com</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. <a href="https://teamleasecompliance.com">https://teamleasecompliance.com</a></strong></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. CII - Deloitte Report on Cost of Compliance in Manufacturing, January 2013: <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/manufacturing/articles/costofcompliance.html">https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/manufacturing/articles/costofcompliance.html</a></strong></em></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans", Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 2px 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3. Economic Survey-2020-21, Chapter 6: <a href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/vol1chapter/echap06_vol1.pdf">https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/vol1chapter/echap06_vol1.pdf</a></strong></em></p>Praxishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04981169955651443578noreply@blogger.com1